NMDA receptors in the developing brain and effects of noxious insults

This review covers normal expression of the NMDA receptor in the fetus and newborn, and then the response of the NMDA receptors within the central nervous system (CNS) during early development, to noxious stimuli. In the research setting, hypoxia is a commonly studied noxious stimulus that has been studied in a variety of contexts, including isolated hypoxia, or hypoxia combined with ischemia or hypercapnia, and delivered in single or repeated doses (intermittent stimuli). We review differences and commonalities between these experimental paradigms, and the sequelae of a common outcome, which is cell death, possibly through excitotoxic mechanisms. Finally, based on current literature, we will examine potential directions for clinical therapeutic interventions. By highlighting knowledge gaps in this field, we hope to encourage future research focusing on clinically relevant problems and outcomes in this area.