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Male reproductive function in relation with thyroid alterations.

Gerasimos E Krassas1, Nikolaos Pontikides

  • 1Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Panagia General Hospital, N. Plastira 22, N. Krini, 55132 Thessaloniki, Greece. krassas@the.forthnet.gr

Best Practice & Research. Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
|May 26, 2004
PubMed
Summary

Thyroid disease significantly impacts male reproductive health, affecting hormone levels and sperm function. Treatment and euthyroidism can restore fertility, but radioiodine therapy requires careful consideration for testicular health.

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Reproductive Medicine
  • Urology

Background:

  • Thyroid diseases are common, yet their specific effects on male reproductive function are not fully understood.
  • Existing research has limited well-controlled clinical studies on this topic.
  • Understanding these impacts is crucial for comprehensive patient care.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and synthesize the current understanding of thyroid disease's impact on male reproductive health.
  • To examine the effects of hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism on sex hormones, spermatogenesis, and fertility.
  • To assess the consequences of radioiodine treatment for thyroid cancer on testicular function.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of clinical studies.
  • Analysis of data on sex steroid hormone metabolism.

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  • Evaluation of effects on spermatogenesis, sperm motility, and fertility.

    • Main Results:

    • Hyperthyroidism adversely affects sex hormone metabolism, spermatogenesis, and fertility, primarily impacting sperm motility; these effects are reversible upon achieving euthyroidism.
    • Hypothyroidism's effects are subtler but also reversible, though severe juvenile cases may link to precocious puberty, and adult hypothyroidism can cause infertility.
    • Radioiodine ((131)I) therapy for differentiated thyroid cancer can transiently impair testicular function, with potential cumulative damage from multiple treatments, suggesting sperm banking.

    Conclusions:

    • Thyroid dysfunction significantly impacts male fertility and reproductive health.
    • Reversibility of these effects is possible with euthyroidism, highlighting the importance of thyroid hormone balance.
    • Radioiodine treatment necessitates proactive measures like sperm banking to mitigate potential long-term gonadal damage.