Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Layers of Connective Tissue Proper

Layers of Connective Tissue Proper

Fascia, a thin layer of fibrous connective tissue, is distributed throughout the body. It demarcates and forms a supportive covering over skeletal muscles, bones, blood vessels, and organs. There are three main types of facia— superficial fascia, deep fascia, and subserous fascia. These are all present at different depths in the body. Fascia reduces the friction and permits muscles, joints, and organs to easily slide against each other, facilitating movement of the body and preventing tearing...

Tissue Membranes

Tissue Membranes

A tissue membrane is a thin layer of cells that covers the outside of the body, the organs, internal passageways that lead to the exterior of the body, and the lining of the moveable joint cavities. There are two basic types of tissue membranes— connective tissue and epithelial membranes.
Connective Tissue Membranes
The connective tissue membrane is formed solely from connective tissue. These membranes encapsulate organs, such as the kidneys, and line our movable joints. A synovial membrane is...

Papillary Dermis

Papillary Dermis

Dermis
The dermis might be considered the "core" of the integumentary system, as distinct from the epidermis and hypodermis. It contains blood and lymph vessels, nerves, and other structures, such as hair follicles and sweat glands. The dermis is made of two layers of connective tissue that comprise an interconnected mesh of elastin and collagenous fibers, produced by fibroblasts.
Papillary Layer
The papillary layer is made of loose, areolar connective tissue, which means the collagen and...

Reticular Dermis

Reticular Dermis

The papillary and reticular dermis are the two layers of the dermis. They are made of connective tissue with fibers of collagen extending from one to the other, making the border between the two somewhat indistinct. The dermal papillae extending into the epidermis belong to the papillary layer, whereas the dense collagen fiber bundles below belong to the reticular layer.
Reticular Layer
Underlying the papillary layer is the much thicker reticular layer, composed of dense, irregular connective...

Gross Anatomy of Skeletal Muscles

Gross Anatomy of Skeletal Muscles

The connective tissues play a significant role in arranging the muscle fibers into a hierarchical structure that forms a complete muscle. Consider a muscle like the bicep brachii, commonly called the bicep. This muscle comprises thousands of muscle fibers enclosed by a protective layer of connective tissue called the endomysium. The endomysium is primarily composed of reticular fibers, a type of thin collagen fiber. It allows the exchange of nutrients and waste products at the fiber level,...

The Mammary Glands

The Mammary Glands

The female breast is a hemispheric projection of variable size positioned anterior to the pectoralis major and serratus anterior muscles. A fascia layer composed of dense, irregular connective tissue connects it to these muscles.
Each breast features a pigmented projection known as the nipple, through which milk emerges via closely spaced openings of ducts, referred to as lactiferous ducts. Surrounding the nipple is a circular pigmented area of skin named the areola, which appears rough due to...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Analysis of cardiac dynamic global function.

JRSM cardiovascular disease·2026

Same author

Raghib Syndrome Physiology Revealed by Multimodality Cardiac Imaging.

JACC. Case reports·2026

Same author

Cardiac MR Imaging of Flow Abnormalities in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Phenotypes.

Magnetic resonance imaging clinics of North America·2026

Same author

Current Concepts in Revascularization for Ischemic Heart Disease With Reduced Ejection Fraction.

Circulation. Cardiovascular interventions·2025

Same author

Advanced Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Ischemic and Nonischemic Cardiomyopathies.

Echocardiography (Mount Kisco, N.Y.)·2025

Same author

Cardiac diffusion-weighted and tensor imaging: A consensus statement from the special interest group of the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance.

Journal of cardiovascular magnetic resonance : official journal of the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance·2024

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 13, 2026

Fabrication of Biologically Derived Injectable Materials for Myocardial Tissue Engineering

Fabrication of Biologically Derived Injectable Materials for Myocardial Tissue Engineering

Published on: December 20, 2010

Papillary muscles do not attach directly to the solid heart wall.

¹Department of Radiology, New York University School of Medicine,650 First Ave, Room 600A, New York, NY 10016, USA. leon.axel@med.nyu.edu

|June 16, 2004

Summary

Papillary muscles (PMs) attach to heart wall trabeculae, not directly to the solid wall. This finding, revealed by CT scans, changes our understanding of cardiac function and force transmission.

More Related Videos

Modeling Breast Cancer in Human Breast Tissue using a Microphysiological System

Modeling Breast Cancer in Human Breast Tissue using a Microphysiological System

Published on: April 23, 2021

Accessible Silicone Chip-to-Membrane Sealing Procedure for Flexible, Reliable Bonding

Accessible Silicone Chip-to-Membrane Sealing Procedure for Flexible, Reliable Bonding

Published on: March 20, 2026

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 13, 2026

Fabrication of Biologically Derived Injectable Materials for Myocardial Tissue Engineering

Fabrication of Biologically Derived Injectable Materials for Myocardial Tissue Engineering

Published on: December 20, 2010

Modeling Breast Cancer in Human Breast Tissue using a Microphysiological System

Modeling Breast Cancer in Human Breast Tissue using a Microphysiological System

Published on: April 23, 2021

Accessible Silicone Chip-to-Membrane Sealing Procedure for Flexible, Reliable Bonding

Accessible Silicone Chip-to-Membrane Sealing Procedure for Flexible, Reliable Bonding

Published on: March 20, 2026

Area of Science:

Cardiovascular anatomy
Cardiac imaging
Medical diagnostics

Background:

Papillary muscles (PMs) are crucial for preventing atrioventricular valve leakage during systole.
Conventional understanding depicts PM bases attaching directly to the heart's solid wall.
The precise nature of PM attachment influences functional understanding.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the in vivo attachment of papillary muscles to the ventricular wall.
To utilize advanced imaging techniques for detailed anatomical visualization.
To clarify the geometric relationship between PMs and the heart wall.

Main Methods:

Employing x-ray multidetector computed tomography (CT).
Utilizing interactive 3D reconstruction for detailed analysis.
Noninvasive in vivo investigation of cardiac structures.

Main Results:

Papillary muscle bases attach to the trabeculae carneae lining the ventricular wall.
This attachment pattern was observed in both left and right ventricles.
Findings contradict the traditional view of direct attachment to the solid heart wall.

Conclusions:

The study reveals a novel geometric understanding of papillary muscle attachment.
This revised understanding has significant implications for cardiac function.
It impacts the comprehension of force transmission mechanisms between PMs and the heart wall.