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Primitive complement system of invertebrates.

Masaru Nonaka1, Fumiko Yoshizaki

  • 1Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan. mnonaka@biol.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp

Immunological Reviews
|June 18, 2004
PubMed
Summary
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The human complement system evolved in deuterostomes by combining existing protein domains, not inventing new ones. Further integration was needed for the modern vertebrate complement system.

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Genomics

Background:

  • The human complement system's domain architectures facilitate evolutionary tracing.
  • Complement genes are found in jawed vertebrates, jawless fish, and deuterostomes, unlike adaptive immune genes exclusive to jawed vertebrates.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the evolutionary origins and development of the complement system.
  • To understand the role of domain combination versus invention in complement system evolution.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative genomics analysis of complement component genes across various eukaryotic lineages.
  • Examination of domain structures within complement components.
  • Analysis of the Ciona intestinalis genome for complement gene modularity.

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Main Results:

  • Most complement domains are metazoa-specific, found in both deuterostomes and protostomes.
  • The complement system originated in deuterostomes through novel combinations of pre-existing domains.
  • The Ciona intestinalis genome reveals modular complement genes, but some show structural divergence from mammalian counterparts.

Conclusions:

  • The complement system's evolution involved domain recombination within the deuterostome lineage.
  • An additional evolutionary step was necessary to establish the complement system found in higher vertebrates.