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Long-term Potentiation01:35

Long-term Potentiation

Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre- and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Long-term Depression01:05

Long-term Depression

Long-term depression, or LTD, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTD is the process of synaptic weakening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic weakening of LTD works in opposition to synaptic strengthening by long-term potentiation (LTP) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Ribosomal RNA Synthesis02:53

Ribosomal RNA Synthesis

Ribosome synthesis is a highly complex and coordinated process involving more than 200 assembly factors. The synthesis and processing of ribosomal components occurs not only in the nucleolus but also in the nucleoplasm and the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells.
Ribosome biogenesis begins with the synthesis of 5S and 45S pre-rRNAs by distinct RNA polymerases. The primary transcripts are extensively processed and modified before they are bound and folded by ribosomal proteins and assembly factors,...
Long-term Potentiation01:25

Long-term Potentiation

Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Hebbian LTP
LTP can occur when presynaptic neurons...
Long-term Depression01:03

Long-term Depression

Long-term depression, or LTD, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTD is the process of synaptic weakening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic weakening of LTD works in opposition to synaptic strengthening by long-term potentiation (LTP) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Calcium Ion Concentration Mechanism
If over time, all...
Long-Term Memory01:18

Long-Term Memory

Long-term memory is a relatively permanent type of memory, capable of storing vast amounts of information over extended periods. Its storage capacity is generally considered unlimited.
Long-term memory can be categorized into two primary types: explicit and implicit memory. Explicit memory, also known as declarative memory, involves the conscious recollection of information that we deliberately try to remember, recall, and articulate. This type of memory encompasses specific facts, events, and...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 14, 2026

Improved Preparation and Preservation of Hippocampal Mouse Slices for a Very Stable and Reproducible Recording of Long-term Potentiation
09:39

Improved Preparation and Preservation of Hippocampal Mouse Slices for a Very Stable and Reproducible Recording of Long-term Potentiation

Published on: June 26, 2013

Long-term memory requires polyADP-ribosylation.

Malka Cohen-Armon1, Leonid Visochek, Ayelet Katzoff

  • 1Neufeld Cardiac Research Institute, Sheba Medical Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel. marmon@post.tau.ac.il

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|June 19, 2004
PubMed
Summary

PolyADP-ribose-polymerase 1 activation in Aplysia neurons is crucial for long-term memory formation. This process facilitates gene transcription by decondensing chromatin, aiding memory consolidation without DNA damage.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • PolyADP-ribose-polymerase 1 (PARP1) is typically associated with DNA damage repair in eukaryotic cells.
  • Its activation during neuronal activity and its role in memory formation present a novel finding.
  • The molecular mechanisms linking PARP1 to memory consolidation are not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of PolyADP-ribose-polymerase 1 (PARP1) in the neuronal processes underlying long-term memory in Aplysia.
  • To explore the mechanism by which PARP1 activation contributes to memory formation.
  • To determine if PARP1-mediated polyADP-ribosylation influences gene transcription required for long-term memory.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized Aplysia as a model organism for studying long-term memory.
  • Investigated the activation of PolyADP-ribose-polymerase 1 (PARP1) in neurons during learning.
  • Examined the effects of PARP1 activity on chromatin structure and gene transcription.

Main Results:

  • PolyADP-ribose-polymerase 1 (PARP1) is activated in Aplysia neurons involved in long-term memory.
  • PARP1 activation during learning is essential for the formation of long-term memory.
  • PolyADP-ribosylation by PARP1 leads to transient decondensation of chromatin structure.

Conclusions:

  • PolyADP-ribose-polymerase 1 (PARP1) activation during learning is a key event for long-term memory in Aplysia.
  • PARP1-mediated chromatin decondensation facilitates the necessary gene transcription for memory consolidation.
  • This mechanism allows for memory formation without inducing DNA strand breaks, highlighting a novel function of PARP1 in neuronal plasticity.