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Ionization Energy

Ionization Energy

The amount of energy required to remove the most loosely bound electron from a gaseous atom in its ground state is called its first ionization energy (IE1). The first ionization energy for an element, X, is the energy required to form a cation with 1+ charge:

Electron Affinity

Electron Affinity

The electron affinity (EA) is the energy change for adding an electron to a gaseous atom to form an anion (negative ion).

Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer

Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer

Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence shell, and an anion (a negative ion) forms when a neutral atom gains one or more electrons in its valence shell. Compounds composed of ions are called ionic compounds (or salts), and their constituent ions are held together by ionic bonds: electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged cations and anions.

Lewis Structures of Molecular Compounds and Polyatomic Ions

Lewis Structures of Molecular Compounds and Polyatomic Ions

To draw Lewis structures for complicated molecules and molecular ions, it is helpful to follow a step-by-step procedure as outlined:

Exceptions to the Octet Rule

Exceptions to the Octet Rule

Many covalent molecules have central atoms that do not have eight electrons in their Lewis structures. These molecules fall into three categories:

Covalent Bonds

Covalent Bonds

Overview
When two atoms share electrons to complete their valence shells, they create a covalent bond. An atom's electronegativity—the force with which shared electrons are pulled towards an atom—determines how the electrons are shared. Molecules formed with covalent bonds can be either polar or nonpolar. Atoms with similar electronegativities form nonpolar covalent bonds; the electrons are shared equally. Atoms with different electronegativities share electrons unequally, creating polar bonds.

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Synthesis and Performance Characterizations of Transition Metal Single Atom Catalyst for Electrochemical CO2 Reduction

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Published on: April 10, 2018

Higher valency ion substitution into the manganese oxide framework.

Mihai Polverejan¹, Josanlet C Villegas, Steven L Suib

¹Department of Chemistry, Institute of Material Science, Unit 3060, 55 North Eagleville Road, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, USA.

Journal of the American Chemical Society

|June 24, 2004

Summary

Researchers developed a new method to incorporate higher valency ions into manganese oxide (OMS-2) frameworks. Vanadium-substituted OMS-2 shows altered electrical properties, making it promising for water sensing applications.

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Published on: June 23, 2023

Area of Science:

Materials Science
Inorganic Chemistry
Nanotechnology

Background:

Manganese oxide octahedral molecular sieves (OMS-2) are versatile materials with potential applications in catalysis and energy storage.
Incorporating higher valency ions into the OMS-2 framework can tune its properties for specific applications.
Developing efficient synthesis routes for substituted OMS-2 is crucial for advancing its technological use.

Purpose of the Study:

To report a novel synthetic route for achieving higher valency ion substitution into the OMS-2 framework.
To investigate the successful incorporation of vanadium and niobium into the OMS-2 structure.
To evaluate the impact of vanadium substitution on the electrical properties of OMS-2 for sensing applications.

Main Methods:

Hydrothermal synthesis of isomorphously substituted vanadium and niobium OMS-2 at 200°C for 2 days.
Characterization using X-ray diffraction (XRD) for structural analysis.
Elemental analysis, Raman spectroscopy, and electrical resistivity studies to confirm composition and properties.

Main Results:

Successful synthesis of vanadium and niobium substituted OMS-2 materials.
XRD and elemental analysis confirmed the incorporation of vanadium into the manganese oxide framework.
Resistivity studies indicated that vanadium incorporation significantly alters the electrical properties of OMS-2.

Conclusions:

A new, effective route for higher valency ion substitution into OMS-2 was established.
Vanadium-substituted OMS-2 exhibits modified electrical characteristics.
The altered electrical properties make vanadium-substituted OMS-2 a highly promising candidate for water sensing applications.