Modeling segmentation of a visual scene via neural oscillators: fragmentation, discovery of details and attention

The present study analyses the problem of binding and segmentation of a visual scene by means of a network of neural oscillators, laying emphasis on the problems of fragmentation, perception of details at different scales and spatial attention. The work is based on a two-layer model: a second layer of Wilson-Cowan oscillators is inhibited by information from the first layer. Moreover, the model uses a global inhibitor (GI) to segment objects. Spatial attention consists of an excitatory input, surrounded by an inhibitory annulus. A single object is identified by synchronous oscillatory activity of neural groups. The main idea of this work is that segmentation of objects at different detail levels can be achieved by linking parameters of the GI (i.e. the threshold and the inhibition strength) with the dimension of the zone selected by attention and with the dimension of the smaller objects to be detected. Simulations show that three possible kinds of behavior can be attained with the model, through proper choice of the GI parameters and attention input: (i) large objects in the visual scene are perceived, while small details are suppressed; (ii) large objects are perceived, while details are assembled together to constitute a single 'noise term'; (iii) if attention is focused on a smaller area and the GI parameters modulated accordingly (i.e. the threshold and attention strength are reduced) details are individually perceived as separate objects. These results suggest that the GI and attention may represent two concurrent aspects of the same attentive mechanism, i.e. they should work together to provide flexible management of a visual scene at different levels of detail.