Oxygen free radicals and the systemic inflammatory response

The generation of oxygen free radicals is known to be involved in the development of the systemic inflammatory response syndrome. In addition to their actions as noxious mediators generated by inflammatory cells, these molecules play also a crucial role contributing to the onset and progression of inflammation in distant organs. In the early stages of the process, free radicals exert their actions via activation of nuclear factors, as NFkappaB or AP-1, that induce the synthesis of cytokines. In later stages, endothelial cells are activated due to the synergy between free radicals and cytokines, promoting the synthesis of inflammatory mediators and adhesion molecules. Finally, free radicals exert their toxic effects at the site of inflammation by reacting with different cell components, inducing loss of function and cell death. This review focuses on progress in the understanding the different actions of free radicals at the sequential stages of the development of the systemic inflammatory response.