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Updated: Aug 23, 2026

Protocol and Guidelines for Point-of-Care Lung Ultrasound in Diagnosing Neonatal Pulmonary Diseases Based on International Expert Consensus
Published on: March 6, 2019
[Classification of pulmonary alveolar proteinosis in newborns, infants, and children]
1Institut für Pathologie, Berufsgenossenschaftliche Kliniken Bergmannsheil Bochum. Frank.E.Brasch@ruhr-uni-bochum.de
Abstract:
Pulmonary alveolar proteinoses are rare pulmonary diseases characterised by an intraalveolar accumulation of surfactant protein A. Subtyping of alveolar proteinoses: Type I alveolar proteinoses: severe respiratory insufficiency in newborns, which will take a lethal course without lung transplant; hereditary SP-B deficiency and an intraalveolar accumulation of N-terminal incompletely processed SP-C. Type II alveolar proteinoses: occur in newborns and infants; often take a lethal course; show intraalveolar accumulation of precursors of SP-B and mature SP-B as well as an accompanying interstitial lung disease of variable severity. Type III alveolar proteinoses: in infants and children; do not generally take a lethal course; they are characterised by an intraalveolar accumulation of precursors of SP-B and mature SP-B without accompanying interstitial lung disease. "Cryptogenic" congenital, acquired (idiopathic), and secondary type III alveolar proteinoses can be distinguished. In newborns, infants, and children with pulmonary alveolar proteinosis, a detailed pathological-anatomical examination including immunohistochemical and molecular genetic analyses, should be performed in order to optimise the therapeutical management.
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