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Updated: Aug 23, 2026

Standardized Hemorrhagic Shock Induction Guided by Cerebral Oximetry and Extended Hemodynamic Monitoring in Pigs
Published on: May 21, 2019
Cerebral oximetry for cardiac and vascular surgery
Harvey L Edmonds1, Brian L Ganzel, Erle H Austin
1Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky 40202-3619, USA. LHARVO@louisville.edu
Abstract:
The technology of transcranial near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) for the measurement of cerebral oxygen balance was introduced 25 years ago. Until very recently, there has been only occasional interest in its use during surgical monitoring. Now, however, substantial technologic advances and numerous clinical studies have, at least partly, succeeded in overcoming long-standing and widespread misunderstanding and skepticism regarding its value. Our goals are to clarify common misconceptions about near-infrared spectroscopy and acquaint the reader with the substantial literature that now supports cerebral oximetric monitoring in cardiac and major vascular surgery.
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