Placental inflammation

Placental inflammatory disorders represent a diverse and important category of pathological processes leading to fetal and neonatal morbidity and mortality. These processes can be divided into two broad subcategories, those caused by micro-organisms and those caused by host immune responses to non-replicating antigens. The mechanisms by which these inflammatory processes cause death and disability are diverse and can be separated into four distinct classes: placental damage with loss of function, induction of premature labour and subsequent preterm birth, release of inflammatory mediators leading to fetal organ damage and transplacental infection of the fetus. Each specific inflammatory process can be modulated by properties of the specific organism, the route and timing of infection and variations in the host's genetic background and immune responsiveness. All of these factors combine to produce specific patterns of placental pathology that can be used to guide treatment, predict complications and explain adverse outcome.