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Related Experiment Videos

Commentary: Regulated equilibrium between opposite signals: a general paradigm for T cell function?

Alessandro Moretta1, Cristina Bottino

  • 1Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Sezione di Istologia, Università degli Studi di Genova, Via G.B. Marsano 10, I-16132 Genoa, Italy. alemoret@unige.it

European Journal of Immunology
|July 20, 2004
PubMed
Summary

Co-signaling molecules, including costimulators and co-inhibitors, fine-tune T cell activation initiated by T cell receptors (TCRs). Emerging data suggest these molecules, not just TCR signals, ultimately govern immune response outcomes.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Co-signaling receptors, part of the B7 molecular family, are crucial for modulating T cell receptor (TCR)-mediated T lymphocyte activation.
  • Their function is contingent upon the engagement of TCRs by antigenic peptides presented by antigen-presenting cells within the MHC context.

Discussion:

  • Co-signaling molecules are categorized into costimulators (e.g., CD28) that enhance T cell activation (two-signal model) and co-inhibitors (e.g., CTLA-4) that moderate or inhibit activation, acting as negative regulators.
  • The discovery of novel co-signaling molecules necessitates integrating the traditional two-signal model with new data on co-inhibitory interactions.

Key Insights:

  • A revised model proposes that TCR signals alone are insufficient to determine the functional outcome of antigen-specific stimulation.

Related Experiment Videos

  • Co-signaling molecules play a pivotal role in governing the final nature of the immune response.

    • Outlook:

    • Further research is needed to fully elucidate the complex interplay between various co-signaling molecules.
    • Understanding these interactions may lead to novel therapeutic strategies for immune modulation.