Influenza virosomes as an efficient system for adjuvanted vaccine delivery

Immunopotentiating reconstituted influenza virosomes possess several characteristics defining them as vaccine adjuvants. Virosomes have been shown to provide vaccine components with protection from extracellular degradation; a regular, repetitive antigen structure aiding presentation to B lymphocytes and fully functional, fusion-active, influenza haemagglutinin envelope proteins that enables receptor-mediated uptake and intracellular processing of the antigen. In addition, virosomes, as vaccine delivery systems, have been shown to be safe and not to engender any antibodies against the phospholipid components. Through the use of virosomes as a delivery vehicle, a number of vaccines have been developed. In humans, virosome-based vaccines containing inactivated hepatitis A and influenza antigens have been found to be efficacious and well-tolerated and have been on the market for several years. Hepatitis B, nucleic acids, cytotoxic drugs, and tetanus and diphtheria toxoids have also been incorporated into virosomes. Further investigations are ongoing in order to define the full potential of virosomes in both prophylactic and immunotherapeutic applications.