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Published on: March 1, 2019
Solitude experiences: varieties, settings, and individual differences
Christopher R Long1, Mary Seburn, James R Averill
1Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA. clong@psych.umass.edu
Abstract:
Solitude may be positive or negative, depending on situational and personal factors. From prior research, nine types of solitude were identified. Based on data from a questionnaire study of undergraduate participants, factor analysis suggests that these nine types can be reduced to three dimensions, two positive and one negative. These are, respectively, Inner-Directed Solitude (characterized by self-discovery and inner peace), Outer-Directed Solitude (characterized by intimacy and spirituality), and Loneliness. Personality and value correlates, as well as situational correlates, of the various types of solitude also were explored.
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