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Bioanalysis: its past, present, and some future.

Pier Giorgio Righetti1

  • 1Department of Agricultural and Industrial Biotechnology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy. righetti@sci.univr.it

Electrophoresis
|July 27, 2004
PubMed
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This review traces 100 years of bioanalytical techniques, from early ultracentrifugation and electrophoresis to modern mass spectrometry and miniaturization. Key advancements include isoelectric focusing, SDS-PAGE, 2-D PAGE, and capillary electrophoresis for protein analysis.

Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry and analytical chemistry
  • Biophysical techniques
  • Proteomics and molecular biology

Background:

  • The field of bioanalysis has evolved significantly over the past century.
  • Early methods relied on complex and expensive instrumentation like analytical ultracentrifuges and moving-boundary electrophoresis.
  • Technological progress has enabled more sophisticated and accessible protein analysis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a historical overview of major bioanalytical techniques.
  • To highlight key innovations and their impact on protein analysis.
  • To contextualize current trends in bioanalytical methodology.

Main Methods:

  • Historical review of scientific literature and technological developments.
  • Chronological presentation of key bioanalytical techniques and their principles.

Related Experiment Videos

  • Discussion of the evolution from macroscale to microscale and automated systems.

    • Main Results:

    • The development of molecular sieving using porous beads for protein molecular mass determination.
    • The introduction of isoelectric focusing (IEF) for protein fractionation based on charge.
    • The advent of sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) for purity assessment and molecular weight estimation.
    • The innovation of two-dimensional (2-D) PAGE, combining charge and mass separation.
    • The emergence of immobilized pH gradients (IPGs) for enhanced reproducibility in 2-D PAGE.
    • The rise of capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) and miniaturization in the 1990s.
    • The integration of mass spectrometry for macromolecule analysis and database development.

    Conclusions:

    • Bioanalysis has progressed from basic physical separation methods to sophisticated molecular characterization techniques.
    • Key innovations like IEF, PAGE, 2-D PAGE, and CZE have revolutionized protein analysis.
    • Current trends focus on miniaturization, automation, and integration with mass spectrometry for high-throughput proteomics.