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Related Concept Videos

Nuclear Stability03:18

Nuclear Stability

Protons and neutrons, collectively called nucleons, are packed together tightly in a nucleus. With a radius of about 10−15 meters, a nucleus is quite small compared to the radius of the entire atom, which is about 10−10 meters. Nuclei are extremely dense compared to bulk matter, averaging 1.8 × 1014 grams per cubic centimeter. If the earth’s density were equal to the average nuclear density, the earth’s radius would be only about 200 meters.
To hold positively charged protons together in the...
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Nuclear Transmutation

Nuclear transmutation is the conversion of one nuclide into another. It can occur by the radioactive decay of a nucleus, or the reaction of a nucleus with another particle. The first manmade nucleus was produced in Ernest Rutherford’s laboratory in 1919 by a transmutation reaction, the bombardment of one type of nuclei with other nuclei or with neutrons. Rutherford bombarded nitrogen-14 atoms with high-speed α particles from a natural radioactive isotope of radium and observed protons being...
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NMR-active nuclei have energy levels called 'spin states' that are associated with the orientations of their nuclear magnetic moments. In the absence of a magnetic field, the nuclear magnetic moments are randomly oriented, and the spin states are degenerate. When an external magnetic field is applied, the spin states have only 2 + 1 orientations available to them. A proton with = ½ has two available orientations. Similarly, for a quadrupolar nucleus with a nuclear spin value of one, the...
Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Point, Line and Plane Defects01:25

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A perfect crystal, in theory, has a uniform structure with the same unit cell and lattice points throughout. However, any deviation from this periodic arrangement is known as an imperfection or defect. These defects can be categorized into three types: point, line, and plane defects.Point defects occur when there is a deviation from the ideal due to missing atoms, displaced atoms, or additional atoms. These imperfections might occur due to imperfect packing during crystallization or because of...
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Schottky defects arise when some lattice points in a crystal, such as those in NaCl, remain unoccupied, creating lattice vacancies without disturbing the overall electrical neutrality of the crystal. This defect is common in ionic crystals where the positive and negative ions are similar in size, as seen in sodium chloride and cesium chloride. The presence of Schottky defects enables the crystal to conduct electricity to a small extent through an ionic mechanism. Electric fields cause nearby...
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Atomically Traceable Nanostructure Fabrication
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Atomically Traceable Nanostructure Fabrication

Published on: July 17, 2015

Direct evidence for atomic defects in graphene layers.

Ayako Hashimoto1, Kazu Suenaga, Alexandre Gloter

  • 1Research Center for Advanced Carbon Materials, National Institute for Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, 305-8565, Japan.

Nature
|August 20, 2004
PubMed
Summary

Energetic particles create atomic defects in graphene, altering its properties. This study uses high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) for in situ observation of these defects in graphene layers.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology
  • Physics

Background:

  • Atomic-scale defects significantly influence the properties of carbon nanostructures like graphene.
  • Theoretical studies predict that energetic particles can induce defects in graphene via knock-on displacements, but experimental evidence is scarce.
  • Existing methods for visualizing graphene defects, such as transmission electron microscopy (TEM) for carbon nanotubes, are time-consuming and require extensive post-observation analysis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To report in situ observations of defect formation in single graphene layers using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM).
  • To provide experimental insights into defect creation mechanisms in graphene induced by energetic particles.
  • To lay the groundwork for engineering carbon nanostructures with tailored properties for device applications.

Main Methods:

  • High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) was employed for real-time (in situ) observation.
  • Focus was placed on defect formation within single graphene layers.
  • Analysis involved direct visualization of atomic structures during defect induction.

Main Results:

  • Direct, in situ visualization of atomic-scale defect formation in single graphene layers was achieved.
  • The study provides experimental evidence for defect induction by energetic particles.
  • Observed defect structures offer insights into graphene's response to energetic particle bombardment.

Conclusions:

  • High-resolution TEM enables direct observation of defect dynamics in graphene.
  • Understanding these atomic defects is crucial for controlling and enhancing graphene's properties.
  • The findings support the potential for defect engineering in graphene-based nanostructures for advanced applications.