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Related Concept Videos

Autocrine Signaling01:01

Autocrine Signaling

Autocrine signaling is one of the many signaling mechanisms that function inside multicellular organisms to carry out intercellular communication. In this type of signaling mechanism, the same cell that secretes an extracellular signaling molecule also expresses the receptors to bind and respond to that signaling molecule.
Autocrine Signaling in Macrophages
Under normal physiological conditions, autocrine signaling is essential for maintaining homeostasis. This process is well characterized in...
Autocrine Signaling01:01

Autocrine Signaling

Autocrine signaling is one of the many signaling mechanisms that function inside multicellular organisms to carry out intercellular communication. In this type of signaling mechanism, the same cell that secretes an extracellular signaling molecule also expresses the receptors to bind and respond to that signaling molecule.
Autocrine Signaling in Macrophages
Under normal physiological conditions, autocrine signaling is essential for maintaining homeostasis. This process is well characterized in...
What is Homeostasis?01:16

What is Homeostasis?

Maintaining homeostasis requires that the body continuously maintain its internal conditions. Each physiological condition has a particular set point, from body temperature to blood pressure to levels of certain nutrients. A set point is the physiological value around which the normal range fluctuates. A normal range is a restricted set of values that is optimally healthful and stable. For example, the set point for normal human body temperature is approximately 37°C (98.6°F). Physiological...
Homeostatic Imbalance01:10

Homeostatic Imbalance

Homeostasis is the maintenance of a stable internal environment within the body, which is crucial for the proper functioning of cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems. The body has various control mechanisms that work together to regulate various physiological parameters such as temperature, blood pressure, pH balance, and fluid balance, to name a few. These control mechanisms are based on feedback loops that can be either positive or negative.
However, sometimes these feedback loops fail,...
Target Cell Response to Hormones01:22

Target Cell Response to Hormones

Hormones intricately bind to receptors on the surface or within target cells, initiating a cascade of cellular responses.
Notably, the cellular response can be regulated by altering the number of receptors expressed in the cell. For example, prolonged exposure to elevated hormone levels results in a gradual decline or down-regulation in the number of receptors for that specific hormone on the cell surface. Conversely, in response to low hormone levels, cells may use up-regulation, producing an...
Cellular Adaptation III: Hyperplasia01:26

Cellular Adaptation III: Hyperplasia

Hyperplasia is an increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ due to enhanced cell division. It is an adaptive, controlled response to stimuli such as injury, hormones, or stress, involving mitosis to produce genetically identical cells and support tissue repair and regeneration.Tissue CapacityCertain tissues, including the epidermis, intestinal epithelium, bone marrow, and fibroblasts, have a high potential for hyperplasia. Others, such as bone, cartilage, and smooth muscle, show...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 7, 2026

An Ex vivo Model to Study Hormone Action in the Human Breast
12:31

An Ex vivo Model to Study Hormone Action in the Human Breast

Published on: January 8, 2015

Cellular homeostasis and the breast.

Elizabeth Anderson1

  • 1Tumour Biochemistry Laboratory, Clinical Research Department, Christie Hospital NHS Trust, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4BX, UK. eanderson@picr.man.ac.uk

Maturitas
|September 1, 2004
PubMed
Summary

Estradiol drives breast cell growth in pre-menopausal women, while progesterone becomes mitogenic after menopause. This shift in hormone effects on the breast has implications for hormone replacement therapy (HRT).

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Breast Biology
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Understanding breast cellular homeostasis is crucial for breast tumor development insights.
  • Assessing hormone replacement therapy (HRT) compounds' potential to promote tumor formation is important.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the differential roles of estradiol and progesterone in controlling breast epithelial cell proliferation.
  • To explore the changes in hormonal control of breast cell growth post-menopause.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of breast tissue samples from pre-menopausal, non-pregnant, non-lactating women.
  • Observation of steroid hormone effects on epithelial cell proliferation.

Main Results:

  • Estradiol is the primary mitogen for breast epithelium in pre-menopausal women; progesterone has minimal effect.

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 7, 2026

An Ex vivo Model to Study Hormone Action in the Human Breast
12:31

An Ex vivo Model to Study Hormone Action in the Human Breast

Published on: January 8, 2015

A Hormone-responsive 3D Culture Model of the Human Mammary Gland Epithelium
08:24

A Hormone-responsive 3D Culture Model of the Human Mammary Gland Epithelium

Published on: February 7, 2016

Direct Bioprinting of 3D Multicellular Breast Spheroids onto Endothelial Networks
06:07

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  • Post-menopause, progesterone exhibits a mitogenic effect on breast tissue.
  • Estradiol's proliferative influence appears indirect, mediated by estrogen-receptor positive cells and growth factors.

    • Conclusions:

    • Hormonal regulation of breast cell proliferation differs significantly between pre- and post-menopausal states.
    • The post-menopausal mitogenic effect of progesterone warrants consideration regarding HRT safety and efficacy.
    • Further research is needed to elucidate the mechanisms behind progesterone's post-menopausal proliferative effects.