[When the Egyptian mummies are speaking about the infections that have made them ill]

The microbiological study of mummies has started in 1910 when Sir M.A. Ruffer first applied the histologic methods to the study of mummified tissues and found Schistosoma haematobium ovas dated from the XXth dynasty. Up to the 1990 years, morphological methods including radiology, computed tomography, endoscopy, history, electron microscopy, and serology have been the main tools used in Paleopathology. They led to identify schistosomiasis, dracunculiasis, trichinosis, ascariasis and bone tuberculosis as the most prevalent diseases of the ancient residents of Egypt. The recent introduction of molecular methods (PCR) allowed t confirm the high prevalence of helminth diseases and tuberculosis among these populations, but also added new data exemplified by the widespread distribution of Plasmodium falciparum malaria. In addition, cases of bacterial septicemias and diphteria possibily occurred. Thousands of human and animal mummies remain to be studied with the hope to discover another pathogens responsible for viral or zoonotic infections prevalent during the pharaons' times.