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Related Concept Videos

Reaction Quotient02:35

Reaction Quotient

The status of a reversible reaction is conveniently assessed by evaluating its reaction quotient (Q). For a reversible reaction described by m A + n B ⇌ x C + y D, the reaction quotient is derived directly from the stoichiometry of the balanced equation as
Reactivity of Enols01:18

Reactivity of Enols

Enols are a class of compounds where a hydroxyl group is attached to a carbon–carbon double bond, which implies that it is a vinyl alcohol. A carbonyl compound with an α hydrogen undergoes keto–enol tautomerism and remains in equilibrium with its tautomer, the enol form. Usually, the keto tautomer is present in a higher concentration than the enol tautomer due to the higher bond energy of C=O compared to C=C. Moreover, the direction of the keto–enol equilibrium is governed by factors like...
Radical Reactivity: Electrophilic Radicals01:02

Radical Reactivity: Electrophilic Radicals

Radicals adjacent to electron‐withdrawing groups are called electrophilic radicals. These radicals readily react with nucleophilic alkenes. For example, the malonate radical, in which the radical center is flanked by two electron‐withdrawing groups, reacts readily with butyl vinyl ether, which consists of an electron‐donating oxygen substituent. The reaction between electrophilic malonate radical and nucleophilic vinyl ether is favored because the radical has a low‐energy SOMO, which interacts...
Toxic Reactions: Overview01:26

Toxic Reactions: Overview

When toxic substances penetrate the human body, they disseminate to various tissues, undergoing metabolic changes. This process yields reactive metabolites that may covalently bind with specific target molecules, resulting in toxicity.
Toxicity falls into two primary categories: local and systemic.
Local toxicity appears at the exposure site, such as protein denaturation caused by caustic substances.
In contrast, systemic toxicity requires the toxic agent's absorption and distribution,...
Reactions at Equilibrium and the Equilibrium Constant01:24

Reactions at Equilibrium and the Equilibrium Constant

Reactions at equilibrium are characterized by equal rates of forward and reverse reactions. This state of equilibrium does not mean that the reactions have stopped, but rather that they are occurring at identical rates. As a result, the concentrations of reactants and products remain constant over time.The equilibrium constant, denoted as 'K', is a key factor in understanding this state of equilibrium. 'K' is the ratio of the rate constant of the forward reaction to the rate constant of the...
Chain Reactions01:29

Chain Reactions

Chain reactions involve highly reactive transient species, such as atoms or free radicals, as intermediates. These intermediates facilitate rapid reactions over an extended period. The process includes a series of steps: a reactive intermediate is consumed, reactants are converted to products, and the intermediate is regenerated. This cycle enables continuous repetition, amplifying the production of products with a small amount of intermediate. Chain reactions often utilize free radicals as...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 13, 2026

Real-time Monitoring of Reactions Performed Using Continuous-flow Processing: The Preparation of 3-Acetylcoumarin as an Example
09:56

Real-time Monitoring of Reactions Performed Using Continuous-flow Processing: The Preparation of 3-Acetylcoumarin as an Example

Published on: November 18, 2015

Adverse reactions to cromolyn.

G A Settipane, D E Klein, G K Boyd

    JAMA
    |February 23, 1979
    PubMed
    Summary

    Adverse reactions to cromolyn sodium in asthma patients occurred in 2% of cases and were reversible. These reactions were not immunologically mediated, suggesting cromolyn sodium is a safe asthma treatment.

    Area of Science:

    • Pharmacology
    • Immunology
    • Pulmonology

    Background:

    • Cromolyn sodium is used for asthma treatment.
    • Understanding adverse reactions is crucial for patient safety.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To determine the frequency and nature of adverse reactions to cromolyn sodium in asthmatic patients.
    • To investigate the potential immunologic mechanism behind these reactions.

    Main Methods:

    • Clinical observation of 375 asthmatic patients treated with cromolyn sodium.
    • Immunologic evaluations including skin and serum tests.

    Main Results:

    • 2% of patients experienced adverse reactions (dermatitis, myositis, gastroenteritis).
    • Reactions were non-life-threatening and fully reversible.

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    Published on: October 11, 2019

    A Modified Lean and Release Technique to Emphasize Response Inhibition and Action Selection in Reactive Balance
    07:19

    A Modified Lean and Release Technique to Emphasize Response Inhibition and Action Selection in Reactive Balance

    Published on: March 19, 2020

    Related Experiment Videos

    Last Updated: Jul 13, 2026

    Real-time Monitoring of Reactions Performed Using Continuous-flow Processing: The Preparation of 3-Acetylcoumarin as an Example
    09:56

    Real-time Monitoring of Reactions Performed Using Continuous-flow Processing: The Preparation of 3-Acetylcoumarin as an Example

    Published on: November 18, 2015

    Optimized Griess Reaction for UV-Vis and Naked-eye Determination of Anti-malarial Primaquine
    08:31

    Optimized Griess Reaction for UV-Vis and Naked-eye Determination of Anti-malarial Primaquine

    Published on: October 11, 2019

    A Modified Lean and Release Technique to Emphasize Response Inhibition and Action Selection in Reactive Balance
    07:19

    A Modified Lean and Release Technique to Emphasize Response Inhibition and Action Selection in Reactive Balance

    Published on: March 19, 2020

  • All immunologic tests were negative, indicating no immune system involvement.

    • Conclusions:

    • Adverse reactions to cromolyn sodium in asthma are infrequent and benign.
    • The mechanism of these reactions is likely non-immunologic.
    • Cromolyn sodium is a safe therapeutic option for asthma management.