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07:36
Impact Mitigation in Modern Football Helmets: Advances and Limitations of Position-Specific Designs
Published on: January 13, 2026
The science and design of head protection in sport
T Blaine Hoshizaki1, Susan E Brien
1Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. bhoshizaki@hotmail.com
Neurosurgery
|October 2, 2004
Abstract:
We review the relationship between science, testing standards, and helmet design to provide an understanding of how helmets protect the brain. Research describing the mechanisms of injury, resulting types of brain injuries, and characteristics of helmet protection are reviewed. The article is designed to describe the state of the relationship between science and helmet performance.
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01:22Design Consideration
Designing a structure involves a series of considerations, primarily the material's ultimate strength, calculated through tests that measure changes under increased force until the material reaches its breaking point or limit. The ultimate load, where the material breaks, is divided by its original cross-sectional area, resulting in the ultimate normal stress or strength. The ultimate shearing stress is another significant factor taken into account.
The factor of safety is another key aspect...
The factor of safety is another key aspect...
01:08Overview of the Skull
The cranium (skull) is the skeletal structure of the head that supports the face and protects the brain. It is subdivided into the facial bones and the brain case, or cranial vault. The facial bones underlie the facial structures, form the nasal cavity, enclose the eyeballs, and support the teeth of the upper and lower jaws.
The cranial vault surrounds and protects the brain and houses the middle and inner ear structures. This cavity is bounded superiorly by the rounded top of the skull, which...
The cranial vault surrounds and protects the brain and houses the middle and inner ear structures. This cavity is bounded superiorly by the rounded top of the skull, which...