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From seeing to being: subliminal social comparisons affect implicit and explicit self-evaluations.

Diederik A Stapel1, Hart Blanton

  • 1Social and Organizational Psychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands. d.a.stapel@ppsw.rug.nl

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
|October 20, 2004
PubMed
Summary

Subliminal social comparisons automatically influence self-perceptions, affecting both implicit and explicit self-evaluations. These effects occur particularly when individuals experience self-uncertainty.

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Area of Science:

  • Social Psychology
  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Social Cognition

Background:

  • Social comparison theory posits that individuals evaluate themselves by comparing to others.
  • The automaticity and subconscious nature of social comparison processes on self-perception remain less understood.
  • Previous research has primarily focused on conscious social comparison effects.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether subliminal exposure to social comparison information influences implicit and explicit self-evaluation.
  • To determine the specificity of these effects on self-perception versus mood or evaluation of others.
  • To explore the conditions under which automatic social comparisons occur.

Main Methods:

  • Six studies utilized subliminal exposure to social comparison information.

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  • Measures included implicit and explicit self-evaluation, mood, and evaluation of others.
  • Study 6 manipulated perceptual needs and uncertainty.

    • Main Results:

    • Subliminal social comparison information increased self-accessibility and led to contrast effects in explicit self-evaluation.
    • Effects on self-evaluation were more pronounced than on mood or evaluations of others.
    • Automatic social comparison effects were observed on implicit measures and were moderated by self-uncertainty.

    Conclusions:

    • Social comparisons can automatically and subconsciously influence self-perceptions.
    • These automatic effects are specific to self-evaluation and contingent on individual uncertainty.
    • Findings contribute to understanding the automaticity and underlying mechanisms of social comparison.