Microorganisms and calcium oxalate stone disease

Area of Science:

• Microbiology
• Nephrology
• Biochemistry

Background:

• Microorganisms are increasingly recognized for their potential roles in kidney stone pathogenesis and prevention.
• This review focuses on nanobacteria, Oxalobacter formigenes, and lactic acid bacteria, excluding urease-producing organisms.
• The existence and role of nanobacteria in stone formation remain debated, with some viewing them as artifacts.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review the potential roles of specific microorganisms in kidney stone formation and prevention.
• To explore the proposed mechanisms by which nanobacteria, O. formigenes, and lactic acid bacteria may influence stone development.
• To highlight the potential of O. formigenes and lactic acid bacteria in managing hyperoxaluria and preventing calcium oxalate stones.

Main Methods:

• Literature review of studies on nanobacteria, O. formigenes, and lactic acid bacteria in relation to kidney stones.
• Discussion of proposed mechanisms, including nucleation and oxalate metabolism.
• Reference to clinical investigations and ongoing trials involving these microorganisms.

Main Results:

• Nanobacteria are hypothesized to nucleate carbonate apatite, aiding stone formation, but their existence is uncertain.
• Oxalobacter formigenes metabolizes oxalate, potentially reducing urinary oxalate levels and preventing stone formation.
• Lactic acid bacteria have shown potential in reducing urinary oxalate, though the mechanism is unclear.

Conclusions:

• Oxalobacter formigenes and lactic acid bacteria show promise as preventative agents for kidney stones, particularly calcium oxalate stones.
• Further research, including clinical trials, is needed to confirm the efficacy and elucidate the mechanisms of these beneficial bacteria.
• The role of nanobacteria in kidney stone formation remains speculative and requires further investigation.