Application of difference NOE-pumping NMR technique and cold-spray ionization mass spectrometry to identify a ligand...

A difference diffusion-based NMR technique and cold-spray ionization mass spectrometry were employed as a solution-based approach for identifying a ligand binding with a protein receptor. The difference diffusion-based NMR technique, called difference NOE-pumping, can directly detect the ligand interacting with a protein receptor. This technique uses a simple pulse sequence and the diffusion filter can easily be optimized. The cold-spray ionization mass spectrometry (CSI-MS), a variant of electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) operating at low temperature, has been applied to detect the ligand-receptor complex. The efficiency of these techniques for identifying binding ligands is demonstrated with the human serum albumin (HSA)-drug system.