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Updated: Jul 26, 2026

An Analog Macroscopic Technique for Studying Molecular Hydrodynamic Processes in Dense Gases and Liquids
Published on: December 4, 2017
Real space imaging of one-dimensional standing waves: direct evidence for a Luttinger liquid
Jhinhwan Lee1, S Eggert, H Kim
1Department of Physics and Center for Science in Nanometer Scale, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, Korea.
Abstract:
Electronic standing waves with two different wavelengths were directly mapped near one end of a single-wall carbon nanotube as a function of the tip position and the sample bias voltage with high-resolution position-resolved scanning tunneling spectroscopy. The observed two standing waves caused by separate spin and charge bosonic excitations are found to constitute direct evidence for a Luttinger liquid. The increased group velocity of the charge excitation, the power-law decay of their amplitudes away from the scattering boundary, and the suppression of the density of states near the Fermi level were also directly observed or calculated from the two different standing waves.
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