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Transcranial direct current stimulation during sleep improves declarative memory.

Lisa Marshall1, Matthias Mölle, Manfred Hallschmid

  • 1Institute of Neuroendocrinology H23a, University of Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany. marshall@kfg.uni-luebeck.de

The Journal of Neuroscience : the Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience
|November 5, 2004
PubMed
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Anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) during slow-wave sleep (SWS) significantly enhanced declarative memory retention in humans. This sleep-based tDCS also improved mood and increased slow oscillatory brain activity.

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Sleep Research
  • Cognitive Psychology

Background:

  • Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) modulates cortical excitability.
  • Slow-wave sleep (SWS) is crucial for declarative memory consolidation.
  • SWS is associated with endogenous negative DC potentials in frontocortical areas.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effect of anodal tDCS during SWS on memory retention.
  • To determine if tDCS can induce widespread extracellular negative DC potentials.
  • To assess the impact of tDCS on declarative and nondeclarative memory, mood, and sleep architecture.

Main Methods:

  • Anodal tDCS (0.26 mA) was applied bilaterally to frontocortical sites during SWS-rich sleep.
  • Memory retention (word pairs, mirror tracing) was tested after stimulation.

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  • Comparisons were made with placebo stimulation and wake retention intervals.
  • EEG and mood were monitored.

    • Main Results:

    • Anodal tDCS during SWS significantly improved declarative memory retention (word pairs) compared to placebo (p < 0.005).
    • tDCS did not affect procedural memory retention.
    • Mood was improved after tDCS during both sleep and wakefulness.
    • tDCS increased sleep depth and slow oscillatory activity (<3 Hz) while reducing alpha and beta power.

    Conclusions:

    • tDCS during SWS enhances sleep-dependent declarative memory consolidation.
    • The effects of tDCS may involve increased slow oscillatory EEG activity, promoting neuronal plasticity.
    • tDCS-induced shifts in frontocortical DC potentials during SWS could facilitate memory consolidation.