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Reliability and validity of the Stanford Presenteeism Scale
Robin S Turpin1, Ronald J Ozminkowski, Claire E Sharda
1USHH Outcomes Research and Management, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486-0004, USA. robin_turpin@merck.com
Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine
|November 10, 2004
Summary
The Stanford Presenteeism Scale (SPS) reliably measures health-related productivity in diverse workforces. This validated scale is suitable for assessing presenteeism in both knowledge and production-based employees.
Area of Science:
- Occupational Health
- Psychometrics
- Workforce Productivity
Background:
- Presenteeism, working while unwell, impacts productivity.
- Existing scales may not adequately capture presenteeism in diverse worker populations.
- The Stanford Presenteeism Scale (SPS) was developed to address these limitations.
Purpose of the Study:
- To evaluate the reliability and validity of the 13-item Stanford Presenteeism Scale (SPS).
- To assess the SPS's applicability to knowledge-based and production-based workers.
Main Methods:
- Data collected via administrative/medical claims and a survey.
- Survey included the SPS, SF-36, and Work Limitations Questionnaire.
- Statistical analyses included Cronbach's alpha and factor analysis.
Main Results:
- A response rate of 63% (7797 employees) was achieved.
- Cronbach's alpha of 0.83 indicated adequate reliability for the SPS.
- Factor analysis revealed two distinct factors: 'completing work' and 'avoiding distraction', with specific loadings for knowledge-based and production-based workers.
- Significant positive correlations were found between the SPS, SF-36, and Work Limitations Questionnaire.
Conclusions:
- The SPS demonstrates strong reliability and validity.
- The SPS is a suitable instrument for employers to measure health-related productivity across diverse employee groups.