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Related Concept Videos

Hearing01:31

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When we hear a sound, our nervous system is detecting sound waves—pressure waves of mechanical energy traveling through a medium. The frequency of the wave is perceived as pitch, while the amplitude is perceived as loudness.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 7, 2026

Behavioral Assessment of Hearing in 2 to 4 Year-old Children: A Two-interval, Observer-based Procedure Using Conditioned Play-based Responses
14:05

Behavioral Assessment of Hearing in 2 to 4 Year-old Children: A Two-interval, Observer-based Procedure Using Conditioned Play-based Responses

Published on: January 23, 2017

Is the integration of heard and seen speech mandatory for infants?

Renée N Desjardins1, Janet F Werker

  • 1Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, 2136 West Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4. rdesjardins@sentex.net

Developmental Psychobiology
|November 19, 2004
PubMed
Summary

Infants show some ability to integrate heard and seen speech, but this audiovisual speech perception is less consistent than in adults. Sex differences emerge, with female infants showing integration in one task and male infants in another.

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Psychology
  • Auditory Perception
  • Speech Processing

Background:

  • Adults effectively integrate auditory and visual speech cues.
  • Previous research suggests infants may also integrate heard and seen speech.
  • The consistency and strength of this integration in infants are not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the extent and consistency of audiovisual speech integration in infants.
  • To determine if infants integrate auditory and visual speech information similarly to adults.
  • To explore potential sex differences in infant audiovisual speech perception.

Main Methods:

  • Three habituation experiments were conducted with infants.
  • Stimuli included audiovisual presentations of speech sounds like /bi/ and /vi/.
  • Testing involved habituation to congruent or incongruent audiovisual speech pairs.

Main Results:

  • Female infants showed adult-like integration in one experiment with specific audiovisual stimuli.
  • Male infants demonstrated integration in a different experiment involving mismatched audiovisual pairs.
  • Overall, audiovisual speech integration was not as consistent in infants as in adults.

Conclusions:

  • Infants possess an initial mechanism for integrating heard and seen speech.
  • Audiovisual speech integration is not a mandatory process for young infants.
  • Sex-specific patterns in audiovisual speech perception may exist in infancy.