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Cholera is an acute gastrointestinal disease caused by the Gram-negative bacterium Vibrio cholerae. It is transmitted primarily via the fecal-oral route through the ingestion of contaminated water or food.Vibrio cholerae is a motile, Gram-negative bacterium of the family Vibrionaceae, primarily associated with waterborne outbreaks in areas with inadequate sanitation. Although over 200 serogroups of V. cholerae exist, only O1 and O139 are responsible for epidemic cholera. The O1 serogroup,...
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Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever.

Chris A Whitehouse1

  • 1Diagnostic Systems Division, United States Army Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702-5011, USA. chris.whitehouse@amedd.army.mil

Antiviral Research
|November 20, 2004
PubMed
Summary

Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a dangerous tick-borne viral illness. Early diagnosis using RT-PCR and understanding Hyalomma tick ecology are crucial for managing CCHF outbreaks.

Area of Science:

  • Medical Entomology
  • Virology
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a severe tick-borne viral disease caused by the Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV).
  • The disease is prevalent across Africa, Asia, and Europe, with a significant fatality rate of approximately 30%.
  • CCHF is transmitted by ixodid ticks, particularly those in the Hyalomma genus, which also act as reservoirs for the virus.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive review of CCHF, encompassing its history, epidemiology, ecology, and clinical manifestations.
  • To discuss recent advancements in the molecular detection and diagnosis of CCHFV.
  • To explore current treatment limitations and future therapeutic prospects for CCHF.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on CCHF history, epidemiology, and ecology.

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  • Analysis of clinical features and pathogenesis of the disease.
  • Examination of diagnostic methods, including molecular techniques like RT-PCR.
  • Assessment of current treatment strategies and their efficacy.

    • Main Results:

    • CCHF presents with sudden high fever, severe pain, and potentially life-threatening hemorrhagic manifestations.
    • The distribution of CCHF closely correlates with the geographic range of Hyalomma ticks, highlighting their role in transmission.
    • Real-time RT-PCR has significantly improved rapid diagnosis and molecular epidemiology of CCHFV.
    • Current treatment options, including immunotherapy and ribavirin, show limited success, and no FDA-approved antiviral therapy exists.

    Conclusions:

    • Effective management of CCHF relies on understanding its transmission dynamics, particularly the role of Hyalomma ticks.
    • Advances in molecular diagnostics facilitate timely disease identification and epidemiological surveillance.
    • There is an urgent need for the development of effective antiviral therapies for CCHF.
    • Further research into CCHFV biology is essential for improving future treatment strategies and addressing bioterrorism concerns.