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Related Concept Videos

Infection01:20

Infection

When a pathogen enters the body and reproduces, it can cause an infection, damage body cells, and cause illness symptoms that eventually lead to disease. Therefore, its prevention requires breaking the chain of infection.
The chain begins with pathogens: bacteria, viruses, fungi, prions, or parasites such as protozoa helminths. These can be present on the skin as transient or resident flora, or they can be acquired from the environment. Identifying and treating the type of infection and...
Factors Affecting the Risk of Infection01:26

Factors Affecting the Risk of Infection

The hosts' susceptibility to infection depends on several factors. The integrity of the skin and mucous membranes helps protect the body against microbial attacks. When the skin is altered, the chance of infection, limb loss, and even death increases.
The integrity and count of the white blood cells help the body resist pathogens and fight infection. When impaired, it reduces the body's resistance to pathogens. The acidic pH levels of the gastrointestinal, genitourinary tracts, and skin create...
Transmission-based Precautions II: Airborne and Protective Environment01:25

Transmission-based Precautions II: Airborne and Protective Environment

Transmission-based precautions are for patients infected or suspected to be infected (or colonized) with organisms posing a significant risk to others. The transmission precautions include airborne and protective environment precautions.
Airborne precautions:
Use airborne precautions when treating patients known or suspected to have diseases that spread through the air—for example, tuberculosis or measles. These organisms are present in smaller droplets expelled by an infected person and...
Sexually Transmitted Infections01:26

Sexually Transmitted Infections

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are diseases transmitted primarily through unsafe sexual interactions. Bacteria, viruses, or parasites cause them and can result in severe health complications if untreated.ChlamydiaThe bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis is responsible for the disease Chlamydia, the most common STI in the United States. This peculiar pathogen requires human cells to reproduce, residing intracellularly. The initial infection often goes unnoticed because it typically does not...
Infectious Diseases and Their Occurrence01:28

Infectious Diseases and Their Occurrence

Infectious diseases appear in populations through various transmission patterns, influenced by pathogen characteristics, population immunity, environmental conditions, and social behavior. Understanding these patterns is essential for effective public health surveillance and intervention. These categories—sporadic, outbreak, epidemic, pandemic, and endemic—help frame the nature and scope of disease events.Sporadic diseases occur irregularly and infrequently, without a predictable temporal or...
Transmission of Pathogens01:24

Transmission of Pathogens

Pathogens spread from their reservoirs to susceptible hosts through three main routes: contact transmission, vehicle transmission, and vector transmission. Each route involves distinct mechanisms of transfer.Contact TransmissionThis category includes direct contact, indirect contact, and droplet transmission:Direct contact involves immediate physical interaction between individuals—such as a handshake—which can spread pathogens like Streptococcus pyogenes, the bacterium responsible for...

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Safety Precautions and Operating Procedures in an (A)BSL-4 Laboratory: 3. Aerobiology
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Published on: October 3, 2016

Communicable diseases in complex emergencies: impact and challenges.

Máire A Connolly1, Michelle Gayer, Michael J Ryan

  • 1World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. connollyma@who.int

Lancet (London, England)
|November 30, 2004
PubMed
Summary

Communicable diseases and malnutrition cause most deaths in emergencies. Effective interventions exist but require systematic implementation and better coordination for improved public health outcomes.

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Area of Science:

  • Public Health
  • Epidemiology
  • Emergency Medicine

Background:

  • Communicable diseases, often exacerbated by malnutrition, are primary causes of mortality in complex emergencies.
  • Synergistic factors increase disease transmission, leading to high rates of diarrhea, respiratory infections, malaria, and measles.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the critical need for effective interventions in complex emergencies.
  • To identify challenges in delivering health services during crises.
  • To advocate for systematic implementation and improved coordination of public health strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on communicable disease control in emergency settings.
  • Analysis of factors influencing disease transmission and intervention delivery.
  • Synthesis of evidence on essential public health components.

Main Results:

  • Effective interventions, including shelter, water, sanitation, case management, immunization, and surveillance, are available.
  • Delivery of these interventions is frequently hindered by health worker shortages, infrastructure damage, insecurity, and poor coordination.
  • While progress exists in camp settings, large-scale emergencies present greater challenges.

Conclusions:

  • Systematic and coordinated implementation of available interventions is crucial for reducing excess morbidity and mortality in complex emergencies.
  • Enhanced coordination among governments, UN agencies, and NGOs is essential.
  • Further research is needed to adapt interventions and develop novel diagnostics, vaccines, and therapies.