Vaccines against cholera, typhoid fever and shigellosis for developing countries

Enteric diseases, such as cholera, typhoid fever and shigellosis, still produce a significant burden, especially among the poor in countries where these illnesses are endemic. Older-generation, parenteral, whole-cell vaccines against cholera and typhoid fever were abandoned in many countries as public health tools because of problems with insufficient protection and/or inadequate safety profiles. Modern-generation licensed vaccines are available for cholera and typhoid fever, but are not widely used by those in greatest need. A number of experimental candidates exist for all three diseases. Future research should focus on generating the evidence necessary to obtain a consensus on the deployment of existing vaccines against cholera and typhoid fever, and on clinical evaluation of pipeline vaccine candidates against all three diseases.