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Variability in trauma center outcomes for patients with moderate intracranial injury
Stanley Z Trooskin1, Wayne S Copes, Lawrence W Bain
1University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, NJ, USA.
Background:
The variability of outcome between Trauma Centers has not been extensively studied as a possible avenue for performance improvement. Trauma Center variability in severity-adjusted survival for patients with moderate intracranial injury (MII) was studied in order to determine the association of MII-related process of care variables with outcomes. The analytic results were supplemented with peer review of MII patients with unexpected outcomes and identified potential process of care variables.
Methods:
A retrospective cohort study was undertaken based on data submitted to a statewide trauma center database from July '95 through June '98. MII patients had one or more selected ICD-9-CM codes with an AIS-90 severity score of 3 or 4 but no higher. Severity adjustment was done using case matching and a logistic function based New Model that appropriately accounts for patients intubated on Emergency Department arrival. MII-related process of care variables derived from the database were identified and their relationship with outcome were evaluated individually and using multivariate methods. Trauma center personnel conducted standardized peer reviews.
Results:
The study included data from 6765 patients treated at 26 trauma centers. Two centers (2PZW) had significantly more survivors than expected by both severity adjustment methods. Three had significantly fewer survivors than expected (3NZW). By several measures, patients treated in the 2PZW centers were more seriously injured and older than those in the 3NZW centers. CT of the head performed in the treating hospital was the only process of care variable associated with outcome in multivariate evaluations. Peer review also found little association between process of care variables and patient outcomes. However, peer review reported that 23.7% of unexpected deaths identified by case matching or the New Model were preventable or potentially preventable. Peer review also identified as medically unnecessary significant percentages of patients with unexpectedly long stays in hospital (26.4%) or in ICU (17.3%) identified by case matching. Nearly 45% of unexpected complications were judged preventable or potentially preventable.
Conclusions:
Two severity adjustment methods identified significant variability in trauma center outcomes for patients with MII. The difference in outcomes between the centers with better than expected (2PZW) and poorer than expected outcomes (3NZW) was substantial. Peer review identified significant opportunities for reducing unexpected deaths, stays in hospital and in ICU, and the occurrence of complications. Trauma registry data and peer reviews found little relationship between available process of care variables and patient outcomes. This study should stimulate discussions to understand reasons for outcome variability and ways to reduce it.
Insights
Trauma center outcomes vary significantly for patients with moderate intracranial injury (MII). While process of care variables showed little association, peer review revealed opportunities to reduce preventable deaths and complications.
Area of Science:
- Traumatology
- Health Services Research
- Quality Improvement
Background:
- Trauma center outcome variability is understudied for performance improvement.
- Moderate intracranial injury (MII) patient outcomes and associated care processes were examined.
- Severity-adjusted survival differences between trauma centers were investigated.
Purpose of the Study:
- To assess variability in trauma center outcomes for MII patients.
- To identify associations between MII process of care variables and patient outcomes.
- To leverage peer review to uncover opportunities for improving MII patient care.
Main Methods:
- Retrospective cohort study using statewide trauma data (July 1995-June 1998).
- Included MII patients (ICD-9-CM codes, AIS-90 score 3-4).
- Severity adjustment via case matching and a logistic function New Model; multivariate analysis and peer review of unexpected outcomes.
Main Results:
- Significant outcome variability observed across 26 trauma centers.
- Two centers (2PZW) had significantly more survivors; three (3NZW) had fewer.
- Head CT was the only process variable linked to outcomes; peer review found preventable deaths (23.7%), unnecessary long hospital (26.4%) and ICU (17.3%) stays, and preventable complications (45%).
Conclusions:
- Substantial outcome disparities exist between trauma centers for MII patients.
- Peer review identified key areas for improvement in reducing mortality, morbidity, and resource utilization.
- Further investigation is needed to understand and address the root causes of outcome variability.
