Related Experiment Video
Updated: Aug 12, 2026

Studying Food Reward and Motivation in Humans
Published on: March 19, 2014
Human altruism: economic, neural, and evolutionary perspectives
Ernst Fehr1, Bettina Rockenbach
1Institute for Empirical Research in Economics, University of Zurich, Bluemlisalpstrasse 10, 8006 Zuerich, Switzerland. efehr@iew.unizh.ch
Humans uniquely cooperate with strangers, driven by strong reciprocity. Altruistic punishment and rewarding activate the brain's reward circuits, making cooperation psychologically beneficial.
Area of Science:
- Evolutionary biology
- Neuroscience
- Behavioral economics
Background:
- Human cooperation with unrelated strangers is a unique trait.
- Strong reciprocity (altruistic punishment and rewarding) is crucial for human cooperation.
- Understanding the neural basis of cooperation is essential.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review evidence for altruistic punishment and cooperation.
- To explore neuroimaging studies on the mechanisms of human cooperation.
- To investigate the neural correlates of cooperative behaviors.
Main Methods:
- Review of experimental evidence and evolutionary models.
- Analysis of neuroimaging studies combining behavioral game theory and fMRI.
- Examination of brain activation patterns during cooperative and non-cooperative scenarios.
Main Results:
- Evidence supports the importance of altruistic punishment and rewarding in human cooperation.
- Mutual cooperation and punishment of defectors activate reward-related neural circuits.
- These findings suggest proximate mechanisms make altruistic behavior rewarding.
Conclusions:
- Strong reciprocity is a key driver of human cooperation.
- The brain's reward system plays a significant role in sustaining cooperative behaviors.
- Evolution has shaped humans to find altruism psychologically rewarding.
More Related Videos
06:42Continuous Theta Burst Stimulation of the Posterior Medial Frontal Cortex to Experimentally Reduce Ideological Threat Responses
Published on: September 28, 2018
08:24The Joint Effect of Social Comparison and Social Distance on Evaluation of Intertemporal Choice Outcomes in Event-related Potential Studies
Published on: August 25, 2023
Related Concept Videos
Altruism
Egoism and Altruism
Humanistic Psychology
This approach...
Evolutionary Psychology
Criticisms of the Evolutionary Perspective
Evolutionary psychology provides one explanation for these findings, suggesting...
Causes of Social Behavior III: Biological and Environmental Influences