T-cell dominated inflammatory reactions in the bronchi of asthmatics are not reflected in matched bronchoalveolar lavage specimens

Samples of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and endobronchial biopsies were obtained from five patients with clinically diagnosed asthma (ATS criteria). A comparison was made of the presence and distribution of immunocompetent lymphocytes and macrophages within each sample. Significantly raised numbers of T lymphocytes, CD45RO+ lymphocytes, RFD1+ macrophage-like cells and RFD7+ macrophages were seen in the bronchial biopsies. In contrast four out of five of the BAL specimens showed a normal differential cell count, the one exception being a patient exhibiting a degree of lymphocytosis. Further, immunocytological investigation demonstrated a normal distribution of T-cell subsets and macrophage subsets in asthmatic BAL with the exception that in four out of five of these patients a raised number of macrophage-like cells exhibiting phenotypic markers of monocytes was observed. Correlation between BAL and biopsy data was seen in the number of CD45RO+ T-cells present. No other parameters exhibited a significant correlation. Raised expression of HLA-DR was recorded in all asthmatic biopsies, yet lavage cells from the same patients failed to exhibit any increase of HLA-DR density over normal. It is concluded that the immune-associated inflammation present in endobronchial biopsies of clinically stable asthmatics is not reflected in bronchoalveolar lavage samples taken from the same patients.