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Related Experiment Videos

Mechanisms underlying spatial coding in a multiple-item Simon task.

Rob H J Van der Lubbe1, Piotr Jaśkowski, Rolf Verleger

  • 1Psychological Laboratory, Helmholtz Instituut, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 2, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands. R.vanderlubbe@fss.uu.nl

Psychological Research
|December 15, 2004
PubMed
Summary

The Simon effect, where response speed depends on stimulus-response correspondence, persists even with complex arrays. Findings support referential coding, linking spatial response codes to target onset, rather than attentional shifts.

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Neuroscience
  • Human Factors

Background:

  • The Simon effect demonstrates faster choices when target location matches response side.
  • This effect is observed even with irrelevant target positions and multi-item arrays.
  • Two main theories explain the Simon effect: referential-coding and attention-shift accounts.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the underlying mechanisms of the Simon effect.
  • To differentiate between the referential-coding and attention-shift accounts.
  • To examine the role of attentional shifts in the Simon effect using temporal cueing.

Main Methods:

  • An experiment presented target locations via precues, simcues, or postcues before/during/after six-element arrays.
  • Overt behavioral responses and electroencephalography (EEG) potentials were recorded.

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  • Analysis focused on Simon effect magnitude, response times, and EEG components.

    • Main Results:

    • The Simon effect was consistently observed across all cueing conditions.
    • A slower response time correlated with a decreased Simon effect.
    • EEG data showed a posterior contralateral negativity in the precue condition, potentially indicating attention reorientation.

    Conclusions:

    • Results favor the referential-coding account of the Simon effect.
    • The formation of spatial response codes appears linked to effective target onset.
    • The referential-coding account aligns closely with the attention-shift hypothesis when considering the timing of code formation.