Cross-linguistic contrasts of verification and answering among children

This review article examines how children verify a statement (e.g., You are a child. Right or wrong?) and answer a corresponding question (e.g., Are you a child? Yes or no?) in English, French, Japanese, and Korean. While people verify affirmative statements and answer affirmative questions similarly across the four languages, they answer negative questions differently across the four languages. In English, answering negative questions works in a way opposite to verification (e.g., Are you not a child? Yes; You are not a child. Wrong). In French, si is used in the place of the yes response in English. In Japanese and Korean, answering negative questions works in a way similar to verification (e.g., Are you not a child? No; You are not a child. Wrong). The effects of these linguistic characteristics are examined. Findings are: (1) All children across the four languages appear to start answering negative questions using the English system; (2) English-speaking children find verifying negative statements more difficult than answering the corresponding questions but Japanese-speaking children find it less difficult; and (3) while English-speaking and Korean-speaking children find true negative statements more difficult to verify than false negative statements, Japanese-speaking children find them less difficult. Language-universal and language-specific processes in verification and answering are discussed.