Cardiovascular applications of magnetic resonance imaging and phosphorus-31 spectroscopy

Recent advances in cardiovascular applications of magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and phosphorus-31 spectroscopy are reported. MR velocity mapping is a valuable adjunct to conventional imaging techniques, providing information on flow velocities as well as on absolute blood flow volume in the aorta and pulmonary arteries. Recently, ultrafast MR techniques have become available to evaluate myocardial perfusion with the aid of MR contrast agents as perfusion marker. Dynamic MR imaging is a powerful tool to assess cardiac function and ventricular mass. In particular, right ventricular function and mass can be evaluated with great accuracy, contributing to improved assessment of the significance of disease processes which may affect the right heart. The role of phosphorus-31 spectroscopy of the heart is expanding for the evaluation of ischemic myocardial disease and cardiomyopathies. The phosphocreatine to adenosine triphosphate ratio appears to be a marker of disease in patients with cardiac hypertrophy. In conclusion, MR imaging and phosphorus-31 spectroscopy is gaining widespread acceptance for evaluation of many cardiovascular disease processes.