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Related Concept Videos

Nitric Oxide Signaling Pathway01:28

Nitric Oxide Signaling Pathway

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Nitric oxide (NO), an inorganic gas, acts as a potent second messenger in most animal and plant tissues. NO diffuses out of the cells that produce it and enters the neighboring cells to generate a downstream response. NO synthase (NOS) catalyzes NO production by the deamination of the amino acid arginine. There are three isoforms of NOS. Endothelial cells have endothelial NOS (eNOS), nerve and muscle cells have neuronal NOS (nNOS), and macrophages produce inducible NOS (iNOS) upon exposure...
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Oxidation Numbers03:14

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In redox reactions, the transfer of electrons occurs between reacting species. Electron transfer is described by a hypothetical number called the oxidation number (or oxidation state). It represents the effective charge of an atom or element, which is assigned using a set of rules.
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Every organism has an optimum temperature range within which healthy growth and physiological functioning can occur. At the ends of this range, there will be a minimum and maximum temperature that interrupt biological processes.
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When freshly poured concrete is exposed to freezing temperatures before it has set, the water within the concrete can freeze. This expansion disrupts the setting process, delays chemical reactions necessary for hardening, and increases the volume of pores within the hardened concrete, which weakens its overall structure. If the concrete manages to reach an appreciable strength before it freezes, the damage can be somewhat mitigated.
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Platelet-based Detection of Nitric Oxide in Blood by Measuring VASP Phosphorylation
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Platelet-based Detection of Nitric Oxide in Blood by Measuring VASP Phosphorylation

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Nitric oxide and the common cold.

David Proud1

  • 1Respiratory Research Group and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. dproud@ucalgary.ca

Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology
|January 12, 2005
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Nitric oxide plays a key role in the body's defense against the common cold virus. Increased nitric oxide production during rhinovirus infections may reduce symptoms and speed recovery.

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Area of Science:

  • Innate immunity
  • Respiratory virology
  • Nitric oxide biology

Background:

  • The common cold is a syndrome caused by various viruses, with rhinoviruses being the most frequent. Viral infections can lead to complications like sinusitis and asthma exacerbations.
  • Host innate immune responses are crucial in regulating the severity of viral infections.
  • There is increasing interest in the role of nitric oxide in the host's defense against viral pathogens.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent evidence on the role of nitric oxide in the host response during common cold infections.
  • To explore the potential therapeutic applications of nitric oxide in managing viral exacerbations of airway diseases.

Main Methods:

  • Review of in vitro and in vivo studies investigating the interaction between human rhinovirus and human airway epithelial cells.
  • Analysis of the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and nitric oxide levels in exhaled air.
  • Examination of nitric oxide's effects on pro-inflammatory cytokine expression, viral replication, and signal transduction pathways.

Main Results:

  • Human rhinovirus infection increases inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in airway epithelial cells, correlating with elevated nitric oxide levels in exhaled air.
  • Nitric oxide inhibits rhinovirus-induced pro-inflammatory cytokine production and viral replication in vitro.
  • Nitric oxide modulates cytokine-associated signaling pathways and can nitrosylate viral proteases.

Conclusions:

  • Increased nitric oxide generation during rhinovirus infections is associated with reduced symptoms and faster viral clearance in pilot studies.
  • Further research is needed to fully elucidate the role of nitric oxide in common colds.
  • Nitric oxide donor compounds may represent a potential therapeutic strategy for viral exacerbations of airway diseases.