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Transcription

Transcription

Overview
Transcription is the process of synthesizing RNA from a DNA sequence by RNA polymerase. It is the first step in producing a protein from a gene sequence. Additionally, many other proteins and regulatory sequences are involved in the proper synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA). Regulation of transcription is responsible for the differentiation of all the different types of cells and often for the proper cellular response to environmental signals.
Transcription Can Produce Different Kinds...

Morphogenesis

Morphogenesis

Plant morphogenesis—the development of a plant’s form and structure—involves several overlapping developmental processes, including growth and cell differentiation. Precursor cells differentiate into specific cell types, which are organized into the tissues and organ systems that make up the functional plant.

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...

Transcription

Transcription

Transcription is the synthesis of RNA from a DNA sequence by RNA polymerase. It is the first step in producing a protein from a gene sequence. Additionally, many other proteins and regulatory sequences are involved in correctly synthesizing messenger RNA (mRNA). Transcriptional regulation is responsible for the differentiation of different types of cells and often for the proper cellular response to environmental signals.
Transcription Can Produce Different Kinds of RNA Molecules
In eukaryotes,...

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the addition of a...

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Epigenetic Regulation of Cardiac Differentiation of Embryonic Stem Cells and Tissues

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Published on: June 3, 2016

Regulation of developmental transitions.

George Chuck¹, Sarah Hake

¹Plant Gene Expression Center, USDA-ARS and UC Berkeley, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, California 94710, USA. gchuck@nature.berkeley.edu

Current Opinion in Plant Biology

|January 18, 2005

Summary

Plant phase change involves dramatic developmental shifts influenced by environmental and internal cues. Recent gene discoveries illuminate the mechanisms controlling these transitions, linking external factors to internal genetic regulation.

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Area of Science:

Plant developmental biology
Molecular genetics
Environmental responses in plants

Background:

Plants exhibit significant developmental plasticity throughout their life cycle.
Phase change represents abrupt, dramatic developmental transitions in plants.
These transitions are influenced by both external environmental and internal intrinsic factors.

Purpose of the Study:

To summarize recent discoveries in plant phase change.
To highlight the role of newly identified genes in developmental transitions.
To elucidate the mechanisms linking environmental cues to plant development.

Main Methods:

Review of recent genetic and molecular studies.
Analysis of gene sequences and expression patterns.
Identification of genes involved in key developmental phase changes.

Main Results:

Several genes have been identified that regulate plant phase change.
Gene sequence and expression data provide insights into phase change mechanisms.
These genes act as a bridge between external and internal regulatory factors.

Conclusions:

Newly discovered genes are crucial for understanding plant developmental transitions.
Phase change mechanisms are increasingly understood through molecular genetics.
Future research can leverage these findings to manipulate plant development.