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Updated: Aug 3, 2026

Immunostimulatory Agent Evaluation: Lymphoid Tissue Extraction and Injection Route-Dependent Dendritic Cell Activation
Published on: September 16, 2018
The Rho GTPase activators CNF1 and DNT bacterial toxins have mucosal adjuvant properties
Patrick Munro1, Gilles Flatau, Fabienne Anjuère
1INSERM, U627, Faculté de Médecine, 28 Avenue de Valombrose, F-06107 Nice Cedex 2, France.
Abstract:
Cytotoxic necrotizing factor 1 (CNF1) from uropathogenic Escherichia coli belongs to a family of factors activating Rho GTPases. We report the in vivo effects of CNF1 in mice co-fed toxin and the soluble protein antigen ovalbumin (OVA). Similar to cholera toxin, CNF1 elicits adjuvanticity anti-OVA responses, both systemic and mucosal. In contrast, the catalytic inactive mutant CNF1-C866S demonstrated no effects. Using dermonecrotic toxin (DNT), a closely related Rho activating toxin from Bordetella, we discovered that the adjuvant property is within the DNT catalytic domain. Manipulation of Rho proteins thus provides a possible new approach for the development of effective mucosal immunoadjuvants.
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