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Related Experiment Videos

Generalized fluctuation relation and effective temperatures in a driven fluid.

F Zamponi1, G Ruocco, L Angelani

  • 1Dipartimento di Fisica and INFM, Università di Roma La Sapienza, Piazzale Aldo Moro 2, 00185 Roma, Italy.

Physical Review. E, Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter Physics
|March 24, 2005
PubMed
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Researchers tested the fluctuation relation (FR) in a simulated liquid below its glass transition temperature. They found the FR needs a generalized factor, defining an effective temperature, which showed qualitative agreement with another nonequilibrium temperature measure.

Area of Science:

  • * Condensed matter physics
  • * Statistical mechanics
  • * Computational fluid dynamics

Background:

  • * The fluctuation relation (FR) connects equilibrium fluctuations to response functions.
  • * Understanding nonequilibrium systems, especially below the glass transition temperature (T(g)), is crucial in statistical mechanics.
  • * Numerical simulations are vital for probing systems under extreme conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • * To test the validity of the fluctuation relation (FR) in a simulated Lennard-Jones-like liquid below its glass transition temperature (T(g)).
  • * To investigate the need for a generalized FR incorporating a numerical factor X(T, γ) < 1.
  • * To compare the effective temperature derived from the generalized FR (T(FR)) with the effective temperature (T(eff)) from the generalized fluctuation-dissipation relation.

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Main Methods:

  • * Numerical simulations of a Lennard-Jones-like liquid subjected to a velocity gradient (γ).
  • * Calculation of the fluctuation relation (FR) below the glass transition temperature (T(g)).
  • * Measurement of the effective temperature (T(eff)) using the generalized fluctuation-dissipation relation.

Main Results:

  • * The fluctuation relation (FR) requires generalization below T(g) with a factor X(T, γ) < 1.
  • * An "effective temperature" T(FR) = T/X was defined, indicating deviations from equilibrium behavior.
  • * Qualitative agreement was observed between T(FR) and T(eff) from the fluctuation-dissipation relation.

Conclusions:

  • * The fluctuation relation (FR) is modified in dense liquids below the glass transition temperature.
  • * A new definition of effective temperature based on generalized FR provides insights into nonequilibrium states.
  • * The study highlights the complex behavior of liquids approaching and within the glassy state.