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Updated: Aug 18, 2026

Modeling Oral-Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma in 3D Organoids
Published on: December 23, 2022
Premalignant and early squamous cell carcinoma
Anjali K Butani1, Anjali Butani, David M Arbesfeld
1Dermatology, New Jersey Medical, USA [corrected]
Abstract:
Actinic keratosis (AK) is a common sun-induced precancerous neoplasm confined to the epidermis. The AK is the initial manifestation of a continuum of clinical and histologic abnormalities that progresses to invasive squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Bowen's disease, also known as squamous cell carcinoma in situ, represents early SCC confined to the epidermis. More than half of all SCCs contain p53 tumor suppressor gene mutations. Like SCCs, the vast majority of AKs and Bowen's disease lesions are asymptomatic. Each AK and suspicious lesion should be treated before it progresses to invasive SCC. Destructive modalities, such as cryosurgery using liquid nitrogen and electrodesiccation and curettage, usually performed by a dermatologist, are the mainstays of therapy.
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