Topical immunotherapy: what's new

Further understanding of the pathogenesis of dermatologic conditions at a molecular level has led to targeted therapies. The topical immune response modifiers have contributed significantly to the treatment of cutaneous diseases. New topical remedies, particularly the Toll-like receptor agonists and calcineurin inhibitors, have added to the clinical armamentarium and have further advanced clinicians' ability to treat a wide variety of benign, premalignant, and malignant conditions. Furthermore, these agents have contributed to the understanding of the disease process. The next decade will witness even greater advances in targeted immunotherapies for dermatologic disease.