Tennis ball diameter: the effect on performance and the concurrent physiological responses

Area of Science:

• Sports Science
• Biomechanics
• Exercise Physiology

Background:

• Tennis performance is influenced by equipment, including ball characteristics.
• Standard tennis balls (Type 2) have specific dimensions and pressurization.
• Investigating variations in ball size and pressure can reveal impacts on athletic performance and physiology.

Purpose of the Study:

• To evaluate the effect of a larger diameter pressurized tennis ball (Type 3) compared to a standard ball (Type 2).
• To assess the influence of Type 3 balls on tennis performance metrics.
• To examine the physiological responses during the Loughborough Intermittent Tennis Test (LITT) using different ball types.

Main Methods:

• Eight competitive tennis players underwent the LITT using either Type 2 or Type 3 balls until volitional fatigue.
• Performance metrics including time to fatigue, accuracy, and consistency were recorded.
• Physiological markers such as heart rate and blood lactate concentration were monitored.

Main Results:

• Volitional fatigue occurred 29.5% later with Type 3 balls (56.9 min) versus Type 2 balls (40.1 min).
• Accuracy and consistency were significantly higher with Type 3 balls (9.2% and 61.1%) compared to Type 2 balls (4.0% and 51.3%).
• Lower mean heart rate and blood lactate levels were observed during Type 3 ball trials.

Conclusions:

• A larger diameter pressurized tennis ball (Type 3) enhances tennis performance and endurance.
• The Type 3 ball elicits more favorable physiological responses during intense intermittent exercise.
• Ball diameter is a critical factor affecting tennis performance and physiological strain.