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Related Concept Videos

Pneumonia I: Introduction01:30

Pneumonia I: Introduction

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Pneumonia is an acute respiratory infection that targets the lungs, specifically the alveoli. These tiny air sacs, essential for oxygen exchange, become engorged with pus and fluid, severely hindering breathing, decreasing oxygen absorption, and causing significant pain and discomfort during respiration.
Risk Factors
Various factors influence the likelihood of developing pneumonia. Age plays a crucial role, with infants, children under two, and individuals over 65 at increased risk due to their...
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Pulmonary Tuberculosis I01:29

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Tuberculosis, often called TB, is a contagious illness primarily caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It mainly affects the lung parenchyma but can also impact other body parts.
Causative Organism
The primary infectious agent causing tuberculosis is Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a slow-growing, acid-fast, aerobic rod that exhibits sensitivity to heat and ultraviolet light. Instances of Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium avium contributing to the development of TB infection are rare.
Mode of...
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Pneumothorax-I01:26

Pneumothorax-I

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A pneumothorax is a condition where air builds up in the space between the lung and the chest wall, causing the lung to collapse. This condition arises when air enters the space between the parietal and visceral pleura, disrupting the negative pressure essential for lung inflation. This can lead to a partial or complete collapse of the lung.
Pneumothorax can be even further classified as spontaneous, traumatic, and tension pneumothorax.
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Pneumothorax-II01:27

Pneumothorax-II

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Pneumothorax is a medical condition defined by the buildup of air in the pleural space between the lungs and the chest wall. This accumulation of air can lead to partial or complete lung collapse, resulting in a range of clinical manifestations. Understanding the clinical presentation and effective management strategies is crucial for healthcare professionals in providing timely and appropriate care to individuals with pneumothorax.
Clinical Manifestations:
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Pneumothorax II: Pathophysiology01:08

Pneumothorax II: Pathophysiology

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Pneumothorax means the presence of air in the pleural space — the thin potential gap between the visceral and parietal pleura. This condition disrupts the normal pressure balance that keeps the lungs inflated, leading to partial or complete collapse of the affected lung.Normal physiologyUnder normal conditions, the pleural space maintains a slightly negative intrapleural pressure, which keeps the lungs expanded against the chest wall. This negative pressure creates a delicate balance...
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Pneumonia I: Introduction01:29

Pneumonia I: Introduction

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Pneumonia is an infection of the lower respiratory tract that leads to inflammation of the lung parenchyma, often resulting in the accumulation of inflammatory exudate in the alveoli and airways. Unlike the watery, low-protein fluid exudate in pulmonary edema, the exudate in this case is a thick fluid rich in immune cells, proteins, and debris produced during infection and inflammation.This impairs gas exchange and can lead to consolidation of lung tissue. The infection may be caused by a...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 26, 2026

The Left Pneumonectomy Combined with Monocrotaline or Sugen as a Model of Pulmonary Hypertension in Rats
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[Pneumothorax in AIDS].

G Delvecchio1, O Fracassetti, N Lorenzi

  • 1Divisione di Malattie Infettive, Ospedali Riuniti di Bergamo.

Minerva Medica
|May 1, 1992
PubMed
Summary

Pneumothorax (PNX) occurred in 4.21% of AIDS patients with TB and PCP. This bilateral, recurrent PNX was a fatal complication in 2 patients, highlighting severe risks in immunocompromised individuals.

Area of Science:

  • Infectious Diseases
  • Pulmonology
  • Critical Care Medicine

Background:

  • Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) significantly impacts the immune system, increasing susceptibility to opportunistic infections.
  • Tuberculosis (TB) and Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) are common opportunistic infections in advanced HIV/AIDS.
  • Pulmonary complications in AIDS patients require careful monitoring and management.

Observation:

  • A cohort of 237 AIDS patients was observed over six years in an infectious disease division.
  • Five patients (4.21%) with concurrent TB and PCP developed pneumothorax (PNX).

Findings:

  • The observed PNX was bilateral and recurrent in nature.
  • PNX was identified as a concomitant cause of death in 2 of the affected patients.

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  • Complications included acute pulmonary heart disease, reexpansion pulmonary edema, and irreversible shock.

    • Implications:

    • This study highlights pneumothorax as a critical and potentially fatal complication in AIDS patients with specific opportunistic infections.
    • Clinicians should be vigilant for PNX in immunocompromised patients presenting with TB and PCP.
    • Early recognition and management of PNX are crucial to improve outcomes in this vulnerable population.