Orthodontic specialists education in Europe: past, present and future

The field of orthodontics developed simultaneously in the USA and Europe, but along somewhat different routes. It is explained that structural changes in Europe resulting in an EU with 25 countries have led to the freedom of exchange of professionals among the Member States which were participating in the EU before May 1, 2004. The European harmonization of dental education is explained. Subsequently, the training of orthodontic specialists in the USA and Europe is dealt with. Furthermore an overview of the Erasmus Programme is given. The role and structure of the European Federation of Orthodontic Specialists Associations (EFOSA) is clarified. The current state of orthodontic specialty training in Europe is described in detail with emphasis on training aspects. Finally, some suggestions are made for the improvement of the training of orthodontic specialists.