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Related Concept Videos

Therapeutic Drug Monitoring: Affecting Factors01:29

Therapeutic Drug Monitoring: Affecting Factors

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Therapeutic Drug Monitoring (TDM) is the clinical practice of measuring specific drug levels in a patient's blood or body tissues to manage and optimize therapy. TDM is crucial for drugs with narrow therapeutic windows, like warfarin and phenytoin, where incorrect doses can lead to treatment failure or severe side effects. This monitoring ensures the dosage administered is within a safe and effective range. The factors affecting therapeutic drug monitoring include:Patient-Specific Factors:a.
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Types of Toxins

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Humans continually engage with an environment rich in potentially harmful chemicals. These are introduced to our bodies through inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact. These chemicals exist in various forms, such as air and environmental pollutants, agricultural chemicals, organic solvents, and heavy metals.
Air pollutants, primarily gases, pose significant threats to respiratory health, leading to conditions like hypoxia, lung cancer, and in extreme cases, death.
Environmental pollutants like...
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Toxic Reactions: Overview01:26

Toxic Reactions: Overview

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When toxic substances penetrate the human body, they disseminate to various tissues, undergoing metabolic changes. This process yields reactive metabolites that may covalently bind with specific target molecules, resulting in toxicity.
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Threats to Biodiversity01:50

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There have been five major extinction events throughout geological history, resulting in the elimination of biodiversity, followed by a rebound of species that adapted to the new conditions. In the current geological epoch, the Holocene, there is a sixth extinction event in progress. This mass extinction has been attributed to human activities and is thus provisionally called the Anthropocene. In 2019 the human population reached 7.7 billion people and is projected to comprise 10 billion by...
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Elements are the smallest units of matter that cannot be broken down further by chemical processes. There are 118 known elements, but not all of these are naturally occurring, and only a few of them are essential for life. Living matter is composed primarily of carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, and oxygen, with smaller amounts of other elements like calcium, phosphorus, potassium, and sulfur. Other elements are also necessary for life but only in trace amounts.
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Teratogenicity01:07

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Related Experiment Videos

DDT and human health.

John Beard1,

  • 1University of Sydney and Southern Cross University, PO Box 3074, Lismore NSW 2480, Australia. jbeard@med.usyd.edu.au

The Science of the Total Environment
|May 17, 2005
PubMed
Summary

Despite widespread exposure, 1,1,1-Trichloro-2,2'bis(p-chlorophenyl) ethane (DDT) shows no causative role in breast cancer. However, suggestive evidence links DDT to other health issues like pancreatic cancer and reproductive outcomes.

Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Epidemiology
  • Toxicology

Background:

  • 1,1,1-Trichloro-2,2'bis(p-chlorophenyl) ethane (DDT) is a persistent synthetic pesticide with historical agricultural and public health benefits.
  • Despite restrictions, DDT exposure remains widespread globally due to its persistence in the environment and human body.
  • Significant DDT/DDE levels are detected in developed populations, and continued use in developing countries leads to high infant exposure.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review epidemiological evidence on adverse health effects of human exposure to DDT.
  • To assess the potential role of DDT in disease aetiology, particularly in light of improved research methodologies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of epidemiological studies examining human exposure to DDT and its metabolite DDE.

Related Experiment Videos

  • Utilized recent nested studies in cohorts with stored biological samples for rigorous assessment, especially in breast cancer research.

    • Main Results:

    • DDT does not appear to be a causative agent in breast cancer development.
    • Suggestive evidence indicates a potential role for DDT in the aetiology of pancreatic cancer, neuropsychological dysfunction, and adverse reproductive outcomes.

    Conclusions:

    • Further high-quality research, employing rigorous methodologies similar to those in breast cancer studies, is needed to definitively assess DDT's role in various common diseases.
    • Judgement on DDT's impact on several common diseases remains premature, even decades after its widespread introduction.