Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Gap Junctions

Gap Junctions

Multicellular organisms employ a variety of ways for cells to communicate with each other. Gap junctions are specialized proteins that form pores between neighboring cells in animals, connecting the cytoplasm between the two, and allowing for the exchange of molecules and ions. They are found in a wide range of invertebrate and vertebrate species, mediate numerous functions including cell differentiation and development, and are associated with numerous human diseases, including cardiac and...

Ammeter

Ammeter

An ammeter is a current measuring instrument. In the circuit, it is represented by the symbol A. The ammeter is placed in series with the device or component to measure the current. A series connection is used because objects in series have the same current passing through them. If a circuit has multiple resistors and the current needs to be measured in each resistor, the number of ammeters required depends on whether the circuit is in series or parallel.
When an ammeter is used to measure the...

Mutual Inductance

Mutual Inductance

Inductance is the property of a device that tells us how effectively it induces an emf in another device. In other words, it is a physical quantity that expresses the effectiveness of a given device.
When two circuits carrying time-varying currents are close to one another, the magnetic flux through each circuit varies because of the changing current in the other circuit. Consequently, an emf is induced in each circuit by the changing current in the other. Therefore, this type of emf is called...

Instrument Transformers

Instrument Transformers

Instrument transformers, comprising voltage transformers (VTs) and current transformers (CTs), play crucial roles in power substations by providing isolated replicas of current or voltage for measurement and protection purposes. Voltage transformers reduce the primary voltage to levels suitable for relay operation and measurement, while current transformers scale down the primary current. The primary winding of a current transformer often consists of a single turn, achieved by threading the...

Line Protection with Impedance Relays

Line Protection with Impedance Relays

Coordinating time-delay overcurrent relays in complex radial systems and directional overcurrent relays in multi-source transmission loops can be challenging. Impedance relays address these issues by responding to the voltage-to-current ratio, specifically measuring the apparent impedance of a line. These relays become more sensitive during faults as current increases and voltage decreases, thereby reducing the apparent impedance.
Under normal conditions, low load currents keep the measured...

Differential Relays

Differential Relays

Differential relays are used to protect generators, buses, and transformers by comparing electrical quantities at different points. When a fault occurs, the difference in current between the two points triggers the relay to operate, opening the circuit breaker. Under normal conditions, the current entering (i1) and leaving (i2) a generator are equal. When a fault occurs, however, these currents become unequal, and the difference current flows in the relay operating coil, causing the relay to...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

A Comparative Kidney Transcriptome Analysis of Bicarbonate-Loaded <i>insrr</i>-Null Mice.

Current issues in molecular biology·2023

Same author

Effects of media stories featuring coping with suicidal crises on psychiatric patients: Randomized controlled trial.

European psychiatry : the journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists·2021

Same author

Optimization of Heterologous Expression of Insulin Receptor-Related Receptor Ectodomain.

Doklady. Biochemistry and biophysics·2019

Same author

[Behavioral Phenotype of Mice with Alkali Sensor IRR Gene Knockout].

Zhurnal vysshei nervnoi deiatelnosti imeni I P Pavlova·2019

Same author

Recover recovery style from psychosis: a psychometric evaluation of the German version of the Recovery Style Questionnaire (RSQ).

Epidemiology and psychiatric sciences·2018

Same author

Synthetic Fluorophores for Visualizing Biomolecules in Living Systems.

Acta naturae·2017

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 11, 2026

Hollow Microneedle-based Sensor for Multiplexed Transdermal Electrochemical Sensing

Hollow Microneedle-based Sensor for Multiplexed Transdermal Electrochemical Sensing

Published on: June 1, 2012

Synaptotagmin: a calcium sensor on the synaptic vesicle surface.

N Brose¹, A G Petrenko, T C Südhof

¹Department of Neurochemistry, Max-Planck-Institute for Psychiatry, Martinsried, Germany.

Science (New York, N.Y.)

|May 15, 1992

Summary

Synaptotagmin, a synaptic vesicle protein, binds calcium and negatively charged phospholipids. This calcium binding, crucial for neurotransmitter release, depends on synaptotagmin

More Related Videos

Manufacturing Simple and Inexpensive Soil Surface Temperature and Gravimetric Water Content Sensors

Manufacturing Simple and Inexpensive Soil Surface Temperature and Gravimetric Water Content Sensors

Published on: December 21, 2019

In Situ Soil Moisture Sensors in Undisturbed Soils

In Situ Soil Moisture Sensors in Undisturbed Soils

Published on: November 18, 2022

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 11, 2026

Hollow Microneedle-based Sensor for Multiplexed Transdermal Electrochemical Sensing

Hollow Microneedle-based Sensor for Multiplexed Transdermal Electrochemical Sensing

Published on: June 1, 2012

Manufacturing Simple and Inexpensive Soil Surface Temperature and Gravimetric Water Content Sensors

Manufacturing Simple and Inexpensive Soil Surface Temperature and Gravimetric Water Content Sensors

Published on: December 21, 2019

In Situ Soil Moisture Sensors in Undisturbed Soils

In Situ Soil Moisture Sensors in Undisturbed Soils

Published on: November 18, 2022

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Molecular Biology
Cell Biology

Background:

Neuronal communication relies on neurotransmitter release via calcium-dependent exocytosis of synaptic vesicles.
The precise molecular mechanisms linking calcium influx to synaptic vesicle fusion remain largely unknown.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the role of synaptotagmin in mediating the calcium signal during synaptic vesicle exocytosis.
To elucidate the molecular interactions of synaptotagmin with calcium and phospholipids.

Main Methods:

Biochemical assays to study calcium binding to synaptotagmin.
Analysis of synaptotagmin's interaction with negatively charged phospholipids.
Investigating the effect of synaptotagmin's oligomeric structure on calcium binding using proteolytic cleavage.

Main Results:

Synaptotagmin binds calcium specifically at physiological concentrations.
Calcium binding occurs in a complex with negatively charged phospholipids.
Calcium binding is dependent on the intact oligomeric structure of synaptotagmin, being abolished by proteolytic cleavage.

Conclusions:

Synaptotagmin functions as a key calcium sensor in the process of synaptic vesicle exocytosis.
The results suggest synaptotagmin acts as a cooperative calcium receptor, integrating calcium signals with membrane fusion events.