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Related Concept Videos

Cause and Effect01:53

Cause and Effect

While variables are sometimes correlated because one does cause the other, it could also be that some other factor, a confounding variable, is actually causing the systematic movement in our variables of interest. For instance, as sales in ice cream increase, so does the overall rate of crime. Is it possible that indulging in your favorite flavor of ice cream could send you on a crime spree? Or, after committing crime do you think you might decide to treat yourself to a cone?
Confirmation Biases01:31

Confirmation Biases

The confirmation bias is the tendency to focus on information that confirms our existing beliefs and ignore information that is inconsistent with our expectations. For example, if you think that your professor is not very nice, you notice all of the instances of rude behavior exhibited by the professor while ignoring the countless pleasant interactions he is involved in on a daily basis. Have you ever fallen prey to the confirmation bias, either as the source or target of such bias?
Framing Effects03:26

Framing Effects

Information is everywhere and its presentation—such as how and when items are presented—can impact our perceptions and decisions surrounding the info. This broad concept umbrellas framing effects—influences that occur due to the way information is framed in its appearance, whether it’s purely the order or the specific wording of a message. Let’s take a look at numerous ways in which two versions of something can objectively say the same thing, yet we respond in different ways based on the...
Bystander Effect02:09

Bystander Effect

The discussion of bullying highlights the problem of witnesses not intervening to help a victim. This is a common occurrence, as the following well-publicized event demonstrates. In 1964, in Queens, New York, a 19-year-old woman named Kitty Genovese was attacked by a person with a knife near the back entrance to her apartment building and again in the hallway inside her apartment building. When the attack occurred, she screamed for help numerous times and eventually died from her stab wounds.
Impression Management Techniques IV: Altercasting01:14

Impression Management Techniques IV: Altercasting

Altercasting is a strategic communication technique in which an individual imposes a specific identity or social role onto another person to influence their behavior and shape the interaction. By presuming a role—such as “responsible leader” or “patient person”—altercasting encourages the target to conform to that identity, often aligning their behavior with the expectations associated with the role. The power of this tactic lies in its subtlety; once a role is assigned, it becomes socially...
Actor-Observer Effect01:23

Actor-Observer Effect

The actor-observer effect, a cognitive bias closely linked to the fundamental attribution error, refers to the tendency for individuals to attribute their behavior to external, situational factors while explaining others’ behavior in terms of internal, dispositional traits. This asymmetry in attribution significantly influences social perception and judgment.Cognitive Mechanisms Behind the EffectTwo primary psychological mechanisms contribute to the actor-observer effect: differences in visual...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 21, 2026

Continuous Theta Burst Stimulation of the Posterior Medial Frontal Cortex to Experimentally Reduce Ideological Threat Responses
06:42

Continuous Theta Burst Stimulation of the Posterior Medial Frontal Cortex to Experimentally Reduce Ideological Threat Responses

Published on: September 28, 2018

The controversial abscopal effect.

Joseph M Kaminski1, Eric Shinohara, James Bradley Summers

  • 1Department of Radiation Oncology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.

Cancer Treatment Reviews
|June 1, 2005
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The abscopal effect, a distant bystander effect, involves immune responses to local tumor treatments. This phenomenon, though controversial, holds potential for tumor control via cytokines and cell-mediated immunity.

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Post-Movie Subliminal Measurement (PMSM), for Investigating Implicit Social Bias
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Last Updated: May 21, 2026

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Published on: September 28, 2018

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Immunology
  • Radiation Therapy

Background:

  • The abscopal effect describes distant tumor regression following localized treatment.
  • It is mediated by cytokines and the immune system, particularly cell-mediated immunity.
  • The effect arises from the loss of tumor-derived growth stimulatory or immunosuppressive factors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze the radiation-induced abscopal effect.
  • To discuss its relationship with distant bystander effects from other local therapies.
  • To highlight the poorly understood and researched nature of this phenomenon.

Main Methods:

  • Review and analysis of existing literature on abscopal and distant bystander effects.
  • Examination of various local therapies and their distant effects.
  • Discussion of the mechanisms involving cytokines and immune responses.

Main Results:

  • The abscopal effect is now considered interchangeable with the distant bystander effect.
  • The phenomenon is observed in various malignancies but is rarely recognized clinically.
  • Data supporting and refuting the abscopal effect concept exist, indicating ongoing controversy.

Conclusions:

  • The abscopal effect, mediated by the immune system, is a potentially significant factor in tumor control.
  • Further research is needed to fully understand and harness the radiation-induced abscopal effect.
  • Despite controversy, the concept warrants continued investigation due to its clinical implications.