Marked splenic hyperaemia during post-haemorrhagic hypotension in the rat, rabbit and cat

1. The regulation of the splenic perfusion during normal and pathological conditions is incompletely understood. We studied the time course of splenic blood flow during the initial (0-24 h) development of haemorrhagic anaemia in awake and anaesthetized rats, as well as in awake rabbits and cats. Another group of rats had either normovolaemic anaemia or beginning polycythaemia. 2. The microsphere method was used to measure splenic blood flow. The awake rats were rendered anaemic either by a heavy (1.5% of body weight) or a moderate (0.7% of body weight) bleeding (hypovolaemia), by haemolysis (normovolaemia) or by bleeding (1.5% of body weight) followed by transfusion of autologous plasma (normovolaemia). Polycythaemia was induced with injections of erythropoietin. The anaesthetized rats as well as the awake rabbits and cats were also bled heavily (1.5% of body weight). 3. In awake rats, splenic blood flow increased to 215% of control within the first 5 min after bleeding. The perfusion declined nearly to baseline over the next 24 h. A similar, but less prominent splenic hyperaemia was detected in the awake rabbits and cats. However, this hyperaemic response was not detected in the normovolaemic, the polycythaemic or the anaesthetized and bled rats. 4. Administration of the adrenergic beta-blocking agent propranolol prior to bleeding significantly attenuated the splenic hyperaemia in the awake rats, while the alpha-blocking agent phentolamine or the cholinergic blocking agent atropine had no effect. 5. Concomitant with the initial increase in splenic perfusion, cardiac output increased to 123% of control in the awake, heavily bled rats. In the bled, anaesthetized rats cardiac output decreased to 91% of control 5 min after bleeding. A decrease in cardiac output to 64 and 70% of control was observed in the awake rabbits and cats, respectively. 6. Immediately following the bleeding, we noticed a substantial release of platelets from the rat spleen. 7. It appears that a heavy acute blood loss in awake rats, rabbits and cats elicits a marked reduction in splenic vascular tone, perhaps mediated by beta-adrenergic receptor activity. Anaesthesia abolished this response in rats. Possibly, the induced hypovolaemia triggered an accelerated release of platelets from the rat spleen, dependent on an augmented splenic blood flow.