Birefringence of the primate retinal nerve fiber layer

The purpose of this study was to measure the peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness, phase retardation (PR), and depth-resolved birefringence (Deltan) of the normal primate eye using Enhanced Polarization-Sensitivity Optical Coherence Tomography (EPS-OCT). Both eyes of two rhesus monkeys were imaged with EPS-OCT. A multiple incident polarization state nonlinear fitting algorithm was used to determine RNFL phase retardation. RNFL thickness (RNFLT) was determined from the corresponding EPS-OCT intensity image and phase retardation per unit depth (PR/UD, proportional to Deltan) was calculated by dividing PR by RNFLT. Peripapillary area maps consisting of pixels uniformly distributed along a radius from 0.8 to 1.8 mm from the center of the optic nervehead were constructed for RNFLT, PR, and PR/UD. Average PR/UD in the superior and inferior quadrants was 18 degrees /100 mivrom (Deltan=4.2 x 10(-4)) and average PR/UD in the nasal and temporal quadrants was 6.3 degrees /100 microm (Deltan=1.5 x 10(-4)). Relative magnitude of PR radial gradient is similar to that of RNFLT radial gradient and no radial gradient was observed for PR/UD. Polarization-dependent amplitude attenuation per unit depth (PDAA/UD) was 0.02 rad/100 microm in thick RNFL regions. RNFL birefringence was higher in the arcuate bundles compared to nasal and temporal fibers (P=0.001). Birefringence was nearly equal in nasal and temporal quadrants. No statistically significant (P=0.01) radial gradient of birefringence was observed in any quadrant. RNFL birefringence is believed to originate from anisotropic structures within the cytoskeleton of the parallel axons. Birefringence differences presented in this study cannot be explained by the known axon diameter distribution around the optic nervehead and suggest other sources of the birefringence signal including neurotubules and neurofilaments.